Juan Li1, Yi Wang1, Liu Liu1, Yuan Yuan2, Yangyi Bao1. 1. Department of Oncology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230061, China. 2. Central Laboratory of Hefei Binhu Hospital, Hefei 230061, China.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducting ligand (TRAIL) can induce apoptosis of tumor cells, however, various of tumor cells may survive because of resistance to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. This study is to observe the proliferation inhibition effect of TRAIL sensitized by thioridazine on PC9 cells through endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress mediated up-regulation of death receptor 5 (DR5) and investigate its mechanism. METHODS: PC9 cells were treated with different concentrations of thioridazine and TRAIL alone or in combination. Cell proliferation was measured by MTT assay, and cell apoptosis and cell-surface DR5 were detected by flow cytometry. Western blotting was utilized to measure the expressions of ER stress-related proteins glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), p-PKR-like ER kinase (PERK), p-eukaryotic initiation factor-2α (eIF2α), activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) and apoptosis-related proteins caspase-3, caspase-9, caspase-8, PARP, DR5. RESULTS: Thioridazine inhibited the proliferation of PC9 cells in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05). Thioridazine increased the inhibition and apoptosis of PC9 cells and up-regulated the expression of cell-surface DR5 induced by TRAIL. Flow cytometry showed that compared with TRAIL group, combination group of TRAIL and thioridazine increased cell apoptotic rates significantly (P<0.05). Western blotting indicated that compared with TRAIL group, expressions of Cleaved-caspase-8, Cleaved-PARP and DR5 increased significantly in combination group of TRAIL and thioridazine. The induction of DR5 and pro-apoptotic effect were mediated through activation of ER stress accompanying by increased synthesis of GRP78 and CHOP, which can be blocked by adding of ER stress inhibitor 4-PBA. CONCLUSIONS: Thioridazine enhanced proliferation inhibition effect of TRAIL in PC9 cells may be facilitated through ER stress mediated upregulation of DR5. .
BACKGROUND:Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducting ligand (TRAIL) can induce apoptosis of tumor cells, however, various of tumor cells may survive because of resistance to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. This study is to observe the proliferation inhibition effect of TRAIL sensitized by thioridazine on PC9 cells through endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress mediated up-regulation of death receptor 5 (DR5) and investigate its mechanism. METHODS:PC9 cells were treated with different concentrations of thioridazine and TRAIL alone or in combination. Cell proliferation was measured by MTT assay, and cell apoptosis and cell-surface DR5 were detected by flow cytometry. Western blotting was utilized to measure the expressions of ER stress-related proteins glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), p-PKR-like ER kinase (PERK), p-eukaryotic initiation factor-2α (eIF2α), activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) and apoptosis-related proteins caspase-3, caspase-9, caspase-8, PARP, DR5. RESULTS:Thioridazine inhibited the proliferation of PC9 cells in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05). Thioridazine increased the inhibition and apoptosis of PC9 cells and up-regulated the expression of cell-surface DR5 induced by TRAIL. Flow cytometry showed that compared with TRAIL group, combination group of TRAIL and thioridazine increased cell apoptotic rates significantly (P<0.05). Western blotting indicated that compared with TRAIL group, expressions of Cleaved-caspase-8, Cleaved-PARP and DR5 increased significantly in combination group of TRAIL and thioridazine. The induction of DR5 and pro-apoptotic effect were mediated through activation of ER stress accompanying by increased synthesis of GRP78 and CHOP, which can be blocked by adding of ER stress inhibitor 4-PBA. CONCLUSIONS:Thioridazine enhanced proliferation inhibition effect of TRAIL in PC9 cells may be facilitated through ER stress mediated upregulation of DR5. .
The proliferation inhibition effect of THZ on PC9 cells. A: THZ inhibited cell survival of PC9 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Cells were treated with different concentrations of THZ (10 μmol/L, 20 μmol/L, 25 μmol/L, 30 μmol/L, 35 μmol/L, 40 μmol/L, 45 μmol/L and 50 μmol/ L) for 24 h, and MTT assays was utilized to measure cell viability. B: Morphologic observation of PC9 cells treated with THZ (×400). C: Cells were treated with different concentrations of THZ (25 μmol/L, 30 μmol/L and 35 μmol/L). After treated with different concentration of THZ (25 μmol/ L, 30 μmol/L and 35 μmol/L), expression of Cleaved-caspase-3 and Cleaved-caspase-9 were detected by Western blotting. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.
THZ对PC9的增殖抑制作用。A:THZ呈:剂量依赖性抑制PC9细胞增殖。不同浓度THZ(10 μmol/L、20 μmol/L、25 μmol/L、30 μmol/L、35 μmol/ L、40 μmol/L、45 μmol/L和50 μmol/L)处理细胞24 h,MTT检测细胞存活率。B:光镜观察THZ对PC9细胞形态影响(×400)。C:不同浓度THZ(25 μmol/L、30 μmol/L、35 μmol/L)处理细胞24 h后观察细胞形态变化。不同浓度THZ(25 μmol/L、30 μmol/L、35 μmol/L)处理细胞24 h后,Western blotting检测Cleaved-caspase-3及Cleaved-caspase-9表达情况,*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01,***P < 0.001。The proliferation inhibition effect of THZ on PC9 cells. A: THZ inhibited cell survival of PC9 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Cells were treated with different concentrations of THZ (10 μmol/L, 20 μmol/L, 25 μmol/L, 30 μmol/L, 35 μmol/L, 40 μmol/L, 45 μmol/L and 50 μmol/ L) for 24 h, and MTT assays was utilized to measure cell viability. B: Morphologic observation of PC9 cells treated with THZ (×400). C: Cells were treated with different concentrations of THZ (25 μmol/L, 30 μmol/L and 35 μmol/L). After treated with different concentration of THZ (25 μmol/ L, 30 μmol/L and 35 μmol/L), expression of Cleaved-caspase-3 and Cleaved-caspase-9 were detected by Western blotting. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.
Combination treatment of THZ and TRAIL inhibited cell survival in PC9 cells. Cells were treated with different dose of THZ (20 μmol/L, 25 μmol/L and 30 μmol/L) and different dose of TRAIL (10 ng/mL, 50 ng/mL and 100 ng/mL) for 24 h. Cell viability (A) was measured by MTT assays and combination index (CI) of THZ and TRAIL (B) were calculated.
THZ联合TRAIL抑制PC9细胞增殖不同浓度THZ(20 μmol/L、25 μmol/L、30 μmol/L)联合不同浓度TRAIL(10 ng/mL、50 ng/mL、100 ng/mL)作用于细胞24 h后,细胞的存活率(A)及THZ与TRAIL的联合指数(B)。Combination treatment of THZ and TRAIL inhibited cell survival in PC9 cells. Cells were treated with different dose of THZ (20 μmol/L, 25 μmol/L and 30 μmol/L) and different dose of TRAIL (10 ng/mL, 50 ng/mL and 100 ng/mL) for 24 h. Cell viability (A) was measured by MTT assays and combination index (CI) of THZ and TRAIL (B) were calculated.
THZ诱导PC9细胞发生内质网应激及内质网应激抑制剂4-PBA对细胞表面DR5表达的影响
Western blotting结果显示:不同浓度THZ诱导PC9细胞发生内质网应激,随着THZ浓度增加,内质网应激关键蛋白GRP78、CHOP表达上调(F=11.45, P=0.001, 4; F=12.94, P < 0.01),相关蛋白p-PERK(F=35.61, P < 0.01)、p-eIF2α(F=54.26, P < 0.01)、ATF4(F=38.04, P < 0.01)表达上调,与对照组相比,差异有统计学意义。流式细胞术显示:25 μmol/L THZ可显著上调细胞表面DR5表达,而4-PBA可抑制THZ对细胞表面DR5的上调,差异有统计学意义(F=61.19, P < 0.01)(图 3)。
ER stress induced by THZ in PC9 cells. A: Expression of ER stress related proteins induced by THZ; B: Cell surface DR5 was detected by flow cytometry of PC9 cells following THZ (25 μmol/L) or combined with 4-PBA (1 mmol/L). After treated with thioridazine 24 h, cell surface DR5 increased significantly in PC9 cells, which can be inhibited by 4-PBA. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.
THZ诱导PC9细胞发生内质网应激。A:THZ诱导细胞内质网应激相关蛋白表达变化,不同浓度THZ(25 μmol/L、30 μmol/L、35 μmol/L)作用于细胞24 h后,Western blotting检测GRP78、CHOP、p-PERK、p-eIF2α、ATF4表达水平;B:流式细胞术检测THZ(25 μmol/L)单独或联合4-PBA(1 mmol/L)处理PC9细胞对细胞表面DR5表达的影响。THZ作用于细胞24 h可上调细胞表面DR5表达,而4-PBA联合THZ组可显著抑制细胞DR5表达上调。*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001。ER stress induced by THZ in PC9 cells. A: Expression of ER stress related proteins induced by THZ; B: Cell surface DR5 was detected by flow cytometry of PC9 cells following THZ (25 μmol/L) or combined with 4-PBA (1 mmol/L). After treated with thioridazine 24 h, cell surface DR5 increased significantly in PC9 cells, which can be inhibited by 4-PBA. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.
THZ可增敏TRAIL对PC9细胞的杀伤效应且4-PBA可抑制此效应
Western blotting结果显示:THZ联合TRAIL可显著增加Cleaved-caspase-8、Cleaved-PARP及DR5表达水平(图 4A)。流式细胞术结果显示:THZ联合TRAIL组细胞凋亡率为(32.6±4.7)%,单TRAIL处理组为(3.6±1.3)%,加入了4-PBA的THZ联合TRAIL组为(17.3±2.9)%,与对照组及单独TRAIL组相比,THZ联合TRAIL组细胞凋亡率明显增加,而4-PBA可显著抑制THZ增敏TRAIL诱导的细胞凋亡,与THZ联合差异有统计学意义(F=93.51, P < 0.01)(图 4B)。
Cell apoptosis induced by combination treatment of THZ and TRAIL in PC9 cells. Cells were treated with TRAIL (50 ng/mL) and/or THZ (25 μmol/L) and/or 4-PBA (1 mmol/L) for 24 h. The apoptosis rate (A) and expression of Cleaved-caspase-8, Cleaved-PARP and DR5 (B) of PC9 cells were measured by flow cytometry and Western blotting respectively. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.
THZ联合TRAIL诱导PC9细胞凋亡。A:流式细胞术检测THZ(25 μmol/L)联合TRAIL(50 ng/mL)组、TRAIL组、4-PBA(1 mmol/L)及THZ联合TRAIL组细胞凋亡率;B:Western blotting分析各组Cleaved-caspase-8、Cleaved-PARP及DR5表达水平。**P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001。Cell apoptosis induced by combination treatment of THZ and TRAIL in PC9 cells. Cells were treated with TRAIL (50 ng/mL) and/or THZ (25 μmol/L) and/or 4-PBA (1 mmol/L) for 24 h. The apoptosis rate (A) and expression of Cleaved-caspase-8, Cleaved-PARP and DR5 (B) of PC9 cells were measured by flow cytometry and Western blotting respectively. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.
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