Caroline K Kramer1,2, Chang Ye1, Balakumar Swaminathan1, Anthony J Hanley1,2,3, Philip W Connelly2,4,5, Mathew Sermer6, Bernard Zinman1,2,7, Ravi Retnakaran1,2,7. 1. Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada. 2. Division of Endocrinology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. 3. Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. 4. Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada. 5. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. 6. Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. 7. Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Pregnancy and lactation comprise a critical window spanning all seasons during which maternal vitamin D status potentially may influence the long-term health of the newborn. Women typically receive calcium/vitamin D supplementation through antenatal vitamins, but there has been limited serial evaluation of maternal vitamin D status across this critical window. DESIGN/PATIENTS/MEASUREMENTS: In this prospective observational cohort study, 467 women in Toronto, Canada, underwent measurement of serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25-OH-D) at mean 29·7 ± 2·9 weeks' gestation, 3 months postpartum and 12 months postpartum, enabling serial assessment across 3 seasons. At each assessment, vitamin D status was classified as deficiency (25-OH-D<50 nmol/l), insufficiency (25-OH-D≥50 nmol/l and <75 nmol/l) or sufficiency (25-OH-D≥75 nmol/l). RESULTS: The prevalence rates of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency were 31·5% and 35·1% in pregnancy, 33·4% and 35·3% at 3 months, and 35·6% and 33·8% at 12 months postpartum, respectively. These high rates remained stable over time (P = 0·49) despite declining usage of antenatal calcium/vitamin D supplementation from pregnancy to 3 months to 12 months postpartum (P < 0·001). Indeed, on mixed model analyses, vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency in pregnancy were independently associated with decrements in average 25-OH-D over time of 49·6 nmol/l and 26·4 nmol/l, respectively (both P < 0·001). In contrast, season of baseline assessment and use of calcium/vitamin D supplements were independently associated with changes in 25-OH-D in the range of 3-5 nmol/l (both P < 0·008). CONCLUSIONS: The persistence of vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency during pregnancy and lactation, irrespective of season and supplementation, supports the emerging concept that current vitamin D supplementation in antenatal care is likely inadequate.
BACKGROUND: Pregnancy and lactation comprise a critical window spanning all seasons during which maternal vitamin D status potentially may influence the long-term health of the newborn. Women typically receive calcium/vitamin D supplementation through antenatal vitamins, but there has been limited serial evaluation of maternal vitamin D status across this critical window. DESIGN/PATIENTS/MEASUREMENTS: In this prospective observational cohort study, 467 women in Toronto, Canada, underwent measurement of serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25-OH-D) at mean 29·7 ± 2·9 weeks' gestation, 3 months postpartum and 12 months postpartum, enabling serial assessment across 3 seasons. At each assessment, vitamin D status was classified as deficiency (25-OH-D<50 nmol/l), insufficiency (25-OH-D≥50 nmol/l and <75 nmol/l) or sufficiency (25-OH-D≥75 nmol/l). RESULTS: The prevalence rates of vitamin Ddeficiency and insufficiency were 31·5% and 35·1% in pregnancy, 33·4% and 35·3% at 3 months, and 35·6% and 33·8% at 12 months postpartum, respectively. These high rates remained stable over time (P = 0·49) despite declining usage of antenatal calcium/vitamin D supplementation from pregnancy to 3 months to 12 months postpartum (P < 0·001). Indeed, on mixed model analyses, vitamin Ddeficiency and insufficiency in pregnancy were independently associated with decrements in average 25-OH-D over time of 49·6 nmol/l and 26·4 nmol/l, respectively (both P < 0·001). In contrast, season of baseline assessment and use of calcium/vitamin D supplements were independently associated with changes in 25-OH-D in the range of 3-5 nmol/l (both P < 0·008). CONCLUSIONS: The persistence of vitamin Ddeficiency/insufficiency during pregnancy and lactation, irrespective of season and supplementation, supports the emerging concept that current vitamin D supplementation in antenatal care is likely inadequate.
Authors: Rosalyn J Singleton; Gretchen M Day; Timothy K Thomas; Joseph A Klejka; Christine A Desnoyers; Melanie N P McIntyre; David M Compton; Kenneth E Thummel; Robert J Schroth; Leanne M Ward; Dane C Lenaker; Rachel K Lescher; Joseph B McLaughlin Journal: Nutrients Date: 2022-09-22 Impact factor: 6.706
Authors: Fariba Aghajafari; Catherine J Field; Bonnie J Kaplan; Doreen M Rabi; Jack A Maggiore; Maeve O'Beirne; David A Hanley; Misha Eliasziw; Deborah Dewey; Amy Weinberg; Sue J Ross Journal: PLoS One Date: 2016-07-01 Impact factor: 3.240