Mycophenolate mofetil for lupus nephritis: an update.

Renal disease in systemic lupus erythematosus carries significant morbidity and mortality. Intensive immunosuppression to dampen kidney inflammation timely and maintenance therapy to prevent renal flares is necessary to reduce the long-term risk of renal failure. Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) has emerged to be the first-line treatment of lupus nephritis for its better safety profile compared with cyclophosphamide. In controlled trials, MMF is non-inferior to cyclophosphamide for induction therapy but is superior to azathioprine as maintenance therapy. Although biologics have shown promise in refractory lupus nephritis, combining MMF with a number of novel biological agents does not enhance the therapeutic efficacy. Recently, low-dose combination of MMF and tacrolimus has been shown to be more efficacious than intravenous pulse cyclophosphamide in inducing remission of lupus nephritis in Chinese patients. Therapeutic monitoring of the serum mycophenolic acid level to enhance the efficacy of MMF in lupus nephritis is being explored.