| Literature DB >> 26270019 |
Maria Laura da Costa Louzada1, Ana Paula Bortoletto Martins2, Daniela Silva Canella2, Larissa Galastri Baraldi1, Renata Bertazzi Levy2, Rafael Moreira Claro2, Jean-Claude Moubarac2, Geoffrey Cannon2, Carlos Augusto Monteiro2.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of consuming ultra-processed foods on the micronutrient content of the Brazilian population's diet. METHODS This cross-sectional study was performed using data on individual food consumption from a module of the 2008-2009 Brazilian Household Budget Survey. A representative sample of the Brazilian population aged 10 years or over was assessed (n = 32,898). Food consumption data were collected through two 24-hour food records. Linear regression models were used to assess the association between the nutrient content of the diet and the quintiles of ultra-processed food consumption - crude and adjusted for family income per capita. RESULTS Mean daily energy intake per capita was 1,866 kcal, with 69.5% coming from natural or minimally processed foods, 9.0% from processed foods and 21.5% from ultra-processed foods. For sixteen out of the seventeen evaluated micronutrients, their content was lower in the fraction of the diet composed of ultra-processed foods compared with the fraction of the diet composed of natural or minimally processed foods. The content of 10 micronutrients in ultra-processed foods did not reach half the content level observed in the natural or minimally processed foods. The higher consumption of ultra-processed foods was inversely and significantly associated with the content of vitamins B12, vitamin D, vitamin E, niacin, pyridoxine, copper, iron, phosphorus, magnesium, selenium and zinc. The reverse situation was only observed for calcium, thiamin and riboflavin. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study highlight that reducing the consumption of ultra-processed foods is a natural way to promote healthy eating in Brazil and, therefore, is in line with the recommendations made by the Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira (Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population) to avoid these foods.Entities:
Mesh:
Year: 2015 PMID: 26270019 PMCID: PMC4560336 DOI: 10.1590/S0034-8910.2015049006211
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Rev Saude Publica ISSN: 0034-8910 Impact factor: 2.106
Means for the absolute and relative consumption of natural or minimally processed foods, processed foods and ultra-processed foods in the Brazilian population aged 10 years or over (2008-2009).
| Group | Kcal/day | % of total energy intake |
|---|---|---|
| Natural or minimally processed foodsa | 1275.5 | 69.5 |
| Processed foodsb | 167.1 | 9.0 |
| Ultra-processed foodsc | 423.4 | 21.5 |
| Total | 1866.0 | 100 |
a Includes rice and other cereals, beans and other legumes, meats, and poultry, fruits, roots and tubers, milk, coffee and tea, fish and other seafood, vegetables, eggs, nuts and other seeds.
b Includes “French bread” (bread rolls), cheeses, canned vegetables, and dried and salted meats.
c Includes cakes, tarts and cookies, fast food snacks, soft drinks, soda, dairy drinks, loaf, burger bread, hot dog bread and other similar breads, sweets, crackers and chips, sausages and ready or semi-ready-to-eat meals.
Mean micronutrient content in total food consumption and in fractions of this consumption relating to natural or minimally processed foods, processed foods and ultra-processed foods. Brazilian population aged 10 years or over (2008-2009).
| Micronutrient | Total food consumption | Food consumption fraction | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Natural or minimally processed foods | Processed foods | Ultra-processed foods | ||
| Vitamins | ||||
| Vitamin A (μg/1,000 kcal) | 286.7 | 340.5 | 118.7 | 239.1* |
| Vitamin B12 (μg/1,000 kcal) | 2.8 | 3.5 | 1.2 | 1.0* |
| Vitamin C (mg/1,000 kcal) | 87.4 | 121.2 | 1.9 | 23.8* |
| Vitamin D (μg/1,000 kcal) | 1.7 | 2.1 | 0.6 | 0.9* |
| Vitamin E (mg/1,000 kcal) | 2.2 | 2.7 | 0.4 | 1.4* |
| Niacin (mg/1,000 kcal) | 14.1 | 17.1 | 4.7 | 7.3* |
| Pyridoxine (mg/1,000 kcal) | 0.8 | 0.8 | 1.6 | 0.4* |
| Riboflavin (mg/1,000 kcal) | 0.9 | 0.8 | 1.9 | 0.7* |
| Thiamin (mg/1,000 kcal) | 0.6 | 0.5 | 1.1 | 0.7* |
| Minerals | ||||
| Calcium (mg/1,000 kcal) | 278.7 | 265.8 | 312.3 | 243.1* |
| Copper (mg/1,000 kcal) | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 0.4* |
| Iron (mg/1,000 kcal) | 6.2 | 7.0 | 3.5 | 4.1* |
| Phosphorus (mg/1,000 kcal) | 522.4 | 548.6 | 578.4 | 356.3* |
| Magnesium (mg/1,000 kcal) | 129.2 | 150.2 | 91.9 | 66.4* |
| Manganese (mg/1,000 kcal) | 6.5 | 9.6 | 1.3 | 0.7* |
| Selenium (μg/1,000 kcal) | 46.6 | 28.6 | 18.9 | 24.6* |
| Zinc (mg/1,000 kcal) | 6.0 | 7.0 | 4.3 | 3.0* |
* Value significantly different (p < 0.05) from the value that was estimated for natural or minimally processed foods and for processed foods.
Mean micronutrient content in the diet according to quintiles of ultra-processed food contribution to the total energy consumption. Brazilian population aged 10 years or over (2008-2009).
| Micronutrient | Quintiles of ultra-processed food consumption | Crude regression coefficient* | p | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | |||
| Vitaminas | |||||||
| Vitamin A (μg/1,000 kcal) | 254.6 | 290.5 | 339.3 | 300.0 | 249.3 | -0.12 | 0.974 |
| Vitamin B12 (μg/1,000 kcal) | 3.2 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 2.7 | 2.2 | -0.23 | < 0.001 |
| Vitamin C (mg/1,000 kcal) | 74.1 | 98.5 | 106.2 | 87.6 | 71.0 | -1.71 | 0.147 |
| Vitamin D (μg/1,000 kcal) | 2.1 | 1.9 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.5 | -0.14 | < 0.001 |
| Vitamin E (mg/1,000 kcal) | 2.4 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.1 | 1.9 | -0.10 | < 0.001 |
| Niacin (mg/1,000 kcal) | 14.7 | 14.6 | 14.3 | 13.9 | 13.1 | -0.41 | < 0.001 |
| Pyridoxine (mg/1,000 kcal) | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.7 | -0.02 | < 0.001 |
| Riboflavin (mg/1,000 kcal) | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.01 | < 0.001 |
| Thiamin (mg/1,000 kcal) | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.03 | < 0.001 |
| Minerals | |||||||
| Calcium (mg/1,000 kcal) | 248.9 | 254.5 | 271.0 | 291.5 | 327.9 | 19.50 | < 0.001 |
| Copper (mg/1,000 kcal) | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.6 | -0.03 | < 0.001 |
| Iron (mg/1,000 kcal) | 6.7 | 6.3 | 6.2 | 6.0 | 5.7 | -0.22 | < 0.001 |
| Phosphorus (mg/1,000 kcal) | 543.9 | 528.7 | 522.2 | 512.5 | 504.7 | -9.47 | < 0.001 |
| Magnesium (mg/1,000 kcal) | 147.2 | 136.8 | 130.8 | 121.5 | 109.7 | -9.02 | < 0.001 |
| Manganese (mg/1,000 kcal) | 6.2 | 6.3 | 7.0 | 7.3 | 5.9 | 0.02 | 0.913 |
| Selenium (μg/1,000 kcal) | 52.4 | 49.0 | 46.3 | 43.9 | 41.7 | -2.66 | < 0.001 |
| Zinc (mg/1,000 kcal) | 6.6 | 6.2 | 6.1 | 5.8 | 5.3 | -0.9 | < 0.001 |
* Regression coefficient of the micronutrient content in the diet on the percentage of the total caloric value of the diet from ultra-processed foods.
Micronutrient content in the diet according to quintiles of ultra-processed food contributionto the total energy consumption, adjusted for household income per capita. Brazilian population aged 10 years or over (2008-2009).
| Indicator | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | Adjusted regression coefficient* | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Micronutrient density | |||||||
| Vitamins | |||||||
| Vitamin A (μg/1,000 kcal) | 290.2 | 286.8 | 283.4 | 280.1 | 276.7 | -4.00 | 0.437 |
| Vitamin B12 (μg/1,000 kcal) | 3.3 | 3.1 | 2.8 | 2.6 | 2.4 | -0.22 | < 0.001 |
| Vitamin C (mg/1,000 kcal) | 92.4 | 89.2 | 85.9 | 82.6 | 79.3 | -3.27 | 0.066 |
| Vitamin D (μg/1,000 kcal) | 2.0 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 1.5 | -0.13 | < 0.001 |
| Vitamin E (mg/1,000 kcal) | 2.4 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2.0 | -0.11 | < 0.001 |
| Niacin (mg/1,000 kcal) | 15.1 | 14.5 | 13.9 | 13.4 | 12.8 | -0.56 | < 0.001 |
| Pyridoxine (mg/1,000 kcal) | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.7 | -0.01 | < 0.001 |
| Riboflavin (mg/1,000 kcal) | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.01 | < 0.001 |
| Thiamin (mg/1,000 kcal) | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.02 | < 0.001 |
| Minerals | |||||||
| Calcium (mg/1000 kcal) | 245.2 | 259.2 | 273.2 | 287.2 | 301.2 | 14.00 | < 0.001 |
| Copper (mg/1000 kcal) | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | -0.02 | < 0.001 |
| Iron (mg/1000 kcal) | 6.6 | 6.4 | 6.2 | 5.9 | 5.7 | -0.23 | < 0.001 |
| Phosphorus (mg/1000 kcal) | 545.7 | 531.8 | 517.9 | 504.0 | 490.1 | -13.9 | < 0.001 |
| Magnesium (mg/1000 kcal) | 147.4 | 138.2 | 129.1 | 119.9 | 110.8 | -9.15 | < 0.001 |
| Manganese (mg/1000 kcal) | 6.6 | 6.5 | 6.4 | 6.3 | 6.3 | -0.08 | 0.746 |
| Selenium (μg/1000 kcal) | 52.0 | 49.3 | 46.6 | 43.9 | 41.2 | -2.71 | < 0.001 |
| Zinc (mg/1000 kcal) | 6.6 | 6.3 | 6.0 | 5.6 | 5.3 | -0.33 | < 0.001 |
* Regression coefficient of the micronutrient content in the diet regarding the percentage of the total caloric value of the diet from ultra-processed foods after adjustment for monthly family income per capita.
Médias do consumo absoluto e relativo de alimentos in natura ou minimamente processados, de alimentos processados e de alimentos ultraprocessados na população brasileira com 10 ou mais anos de idade (2008-2009).
| Grupo | Kcal/dia | % da ingestão total de energia |
|---|---|---|
| Alimentos | 1275,5 | 69,5 |
| Alimentos processadosb | 167,1 | 9,0 |
| Alimentos ultraprocessadosc | 423,4 | 21,5 |
| Total | 1866,0 | 100 |
a Inclui arroz e outros cereais, feijão e outras leguminosas, carnes de boi, de porco e de aves, frutas, leite, raízes e tubérculos, café e chás, peixes e outros frutos do mar, verduras e legumes, ovos, castanhas e outras sementes.
b Inclui pão francês, queijos, conservas de verduras e legumes e carnes secas e salgadas.
c Inclui bolos, tortas e biscoitos doces, lanches do tipo fast food, refrigerantes, refrescos, bebidas lácteas, pães de forma, de hambúrguer, de hot dog e similares, guloseimas, bolachas salgadas e salgadinhos tipo chips, embutidos e pratos prontos ou semiprontos.
Médias do teor de micronutrientes no consumo alimentar total e nas frações deste consumo relativas a alimentos in na tura ou minimamente processados, alimentos processados e alimentos ultraprocessados. População brasileira com 10 ou mais anos de idade (2008-2009).
| Micronutriente | Consumo alimentar total | Fração do consumo alimentar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alimentos | Alimentos processados | Alimentos ultraprocessados | ||
| Vitaminas | ||||
| Vitamina A (μg/1.000 kcal) | 286,7 | 340,5 | 118,7 | 239,1* |
| Vitamina B12 (μg/1.000 kcal) | 2,8 | 3,5 | 1,2 | 1,0* |
| Vitamina C (mg/1.000 kcal) | 87,4 | 121,2 | 1,9 | 23,8* |
| Vitamina D (μg/1.000 kcal) | 1,7 | 2,1 | 0,6 | 0,9* |
| Vitamina E (mg/1.000 kcal) | 2,2 | 2,7 | 0,4 | 1,4* |
| Niacina (mg/1.000 kcal) | 14,1 | 17,1 | 4,7 | 7,3* |
| Piridoxina (mg/1.000 kcal) | 0,8 | 0,8 | 1,6 | 0,4* |
| Riboflavina (mg/1.000 kcal) | 0,9 | 0,8 | 1,9 | 0,7* |
| Tiamina (mg/1.000 kcal) | 0,6 | 0,5 | 1,1 | 0,7* |
| Minerais | ||||
| Cálcio (mg/1.000 kcal) | 278,7 | 265,8 | 312,3 | 243,1* |
| Cobre (mg/1.000 kcal) | 0,7 | 0,9 | 0,4 | 0,4* |
| Ferro (mg/1.000 kcal) | 6,2 | 7,0 | 3,5 | 4,1* |
| Fósforo (mg/1.000 kcal) | 522,4 | 548,6 | 578,4 | 356,3* |
| Magnésio (mg/1.000 kcal) | 129,2 | 150,2 | 91,9 | 66,4* |
| Manganês (mg/1.000 kcal) | 6,5 | 9,6 | 1,3 | 0,7* |
| Selênio (μg/1.000 kcal) | 46,6 | 28,6 | 18,9 | 24,6* |
| Zinco (mg/1.000 kcal) | 6,0 | 7,0 | 4,3 | 3,0* |
* Valor significativamente diferente (p < 0,05) do valor estimado para alimentos in natura ou minimamente processados e para alimentos processados.
Médias do teor de micronutrientes na dieta de estratos correspondentes a quintos da participação de alimentos ultraprocessados no consumo total de energia. População brasileira com 10 ou mais anos de idade (2008-2009).
| Micronutriente | Quintos de consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados | Coeficiente de regressão bruto* | p | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | |||
| Vitaminas | |||||||
| Vitamina A (μg/1.000 kcal) | 254,6 | 290,5 | 339,3 | 300,0 | 249,3 | -0,12 | 0,974 |
| Vitamina B12 (μg/1.000 kcal) | 3,2 | 3,0 | 3,1 | 2,7 | 2,2 | -0,23 | < 0,001 |
| Vitamina C (mg/1.000 kcal) | 74,1 | 98,5 | 106,2 | 87,6 | 71,0 | -1,71 | 0,147 |
| Vitamina D (μg/1.000 kcal) | 2,1 | 1,9 | 1,7 | 1,6 | 1,5 | -0,14 | < 0,001 |
| Vitamina E (mg/1.000 kcal) | 2,4 | 2,3 | 2,3 | 2,1 | 1,9 | -0,10 | < 0,001 |
| Niacina (mg/1.000 kcal) | 14,7 | 14,6 | 14,3 | 13,9 | 13,1 | -0,41 | < 0,001 |
| Piridoxina (mg/1.000 kcal) | 0,8 | 0,8 | 0,8 | 0,8 | 0,7 | -0,02 | < 0,001 |
| Riboflavina (mg/1.000 kcal) | 0,8 | 0,9 | 0,9 | 0,9 | 0,9 | 0,01 | < 0,001 |
| Tiamina (mg/1.000 kcal) | 0,6 | 0,6 | 0,6 | 0,6 | 0,7 | 0,03 | < 0,001 |
| Minerais | |||||||
| Cálcio (mg/1.000 kcal) | 248,9 | 254,5 | 271,0 | 291,5 | 327,9 | 19,50 | < 0,001 |
| Cobre (mg/1.000 kcal) | 0,7 | 0,7 | 0,8 | 0,7 | 0,6 | -0,03 | < 0,001 |
| Ferro (mg/1.000 kcal) | 6,7 | 6,3 | 6,2 | 6,0 | 5,7 | -0,22 | < 0,001 |
| Fósforo (mg/1.000 kcal) | 543,9 | 528,7 | 522,2 | 512,5 | 504,7 | -9,47 | < 0,001 |
| Magnésio (mg/1.000 kcal) | 147,2 | 136,8 | 130,8 | 121,5 | 109,7 | -9,02 | < 0,001 |
| Manganês (mg/1.000 kcal) | 6,2 | 6,3 | 7,0 | 7,3 | 5,9 | 0,02 | 0,913 |
| Selênio (μg/1.000 kcal) | 52,4 | 49,0 | 46,3 | 43,9 | 41,7 | -2,66 | < 0,001 |
| Zinco (mg/1.000 kcal) | 6,6 | 6,2 | 6,1 | 5,8 | 5,3 | -0,9 | < 0,001 |
* Coeficiente da regressão do teor do micronutriente na dieta sobre a percentagem do valor calórico total da dieta proveniente de alimentos ultraprocessados.
Teor de micronutrientes na dieta de estratos correspondentes a quintos da participação de alimentos ultraprocessados no consumo total de energia ajustado para renda familiar per capita. População brasileira com 10 ou mais anos de idade (2008-2009).
| Indicador | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | Coeficiente de regressão ajustado* | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Densidade de micronutrients | |||||||
| Vitaminas | |||||||
| Vitamina A (μg/1.000 kcal) | 290,2 | 286,8 | 283,4 | 280,1 | 276,7 | -4.00 | 0.437 |
| Vitamina B12 (μg/1.000 kcal) | 3,3 | 3,1 | 2,8 | 2,6 | 2,4 | -0.22 | < 0.001 |
| Vitamina C (mg/1.000 kcal) | 92,4 | 89,2 | 85,9 | 82,6 | 79,3 | -3.27 | 0.066 |
| Vitamina D (μg/1.000 kcal) | 2,0 | 1,9 | 1,8 | 1,6 | 1,5 | -0.13 | < 0.001 |
| Vitamina E (mg/1.000 kcal) | 2,4 | 2,3 | 2,2 | 2,1 | 2,0 | -0.11 | < 0.001 |
| Niacina (mg/1.000 kcal) | 15,1 | 14,5 | 13,9 | 13,4 | 12,8 | -0.56 | < 0.001 |
| Piridoxina (mg/1.000 kcal) | 0,8 | 0,8 | 0,8 | 0,7 | 0,7 | -0.01 | < 0.001 |
| Riboflavina (mg/1.000 kcal) | 0,9 | 0,9 | 0,9 | 0,9 | 0,9 | 0.01 | < 0.001 |
| Tiamina (mg/1.000 kcal) | 0,6 | 0,6 | 0,6 | 0,7 | 0,7 | 0.02 | < 0.001 |
| Minerais | |||||||
| Cálcio (mg/1000 kcal) | 245,2 | 259,2 | 273,2 | 287,2 | 301,2 | 14.00 | < 0.001 |
| Cobre (mg/1000 kcal) | 0,7 | 0,7 | 0,7 | 0,7 | 0,7 | -0.02 | < 0.001 |
| Ferro (mg/1000 kcal) | 6,6 | 6,4 | 6,2 | 5,9 | 5,7 | -0.23 | < 0.001 |
| Fósforo (mg/1000 kcal) | 545,7 | 531,8 | 517,9 | 504,0 | 490,1 | -13,9 | < 0.001 |
| Magnésio (mg/1000 kcal) | 147,4 | 138,2 | 129,1 | 119,9 | 110,8 | -9,15 | < 0.001 |
| Manganês (mg/1000 kcal) | 6,6 | 6,5 | 6,4 | 6,3 | 6,3 | -0,08 | 0.746 |
| Selênio (μg/1000 kcal) | 52,0 | 49,3 | 46,6 | 43,9 | 41,2 | -2,71 | < 0.001 |
| Zinco (mg/1000 kcal) | 6,6 | 6,3 | 6,0 | 5,6 | 5,3 | -0,33 | < 0.001 |
* Coeficiente da regressão do teor do micronutriente na dieta sobre a percentagem do valor calórico total da dieta proveniente de alimentos ultraprocessados após ajuste para renda mensal familiar per capita.