Song-Yi Park1, Christopher A Haiman2, Iona Cheng3, Sungshim Lani Park2, Lynne R Wilkens4, Laurence N Kolonel5, Loïc Le Marchand4, Brian E Henderson2. 1. Cancer Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA. spark@cc.hawaii.edu. 2. Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1975 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA. 3. Cancer Prevention Institute of California, 2201 Walnut Avenue, Fremont, CA, 94538, USA. 4. Cancer Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA. 5. Office of Public Health Studies, University of Hawaii, 1960 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA.
Abstract
PURPOSE: Older age, African ancestry, and family history of prostate cancer are well-established risk factors for prostate cancer, and all are non-modifiable. Various lifestyle factors have been examined in relation to prostate cancer risk, including diet, obesity, and physical activity; however, none of them has been consistently related to risk. In the Multiethnic Cohort Study, we investigated whether lifestyle-related factors are associated with prostate cancer risk and whether such factors explain the racial/ethnic differences in risk. METHODS: During a mean follow-up of 13.9 years, 7,115 incident cases were identified among 75,216 white, African-American, Native Hawaiian, Japanese American, and Latino men. Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate relative risks (RRs) and 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CIs) for prostate cancer. RESULTS: Among selected lifestyle-related factors including body mass index, height, education, physical activity, and intakes of alcohol, calcium, legumes, lycopene, and selenium, only smoking (RR for current (≥20 cigarettes/day) vs. never smoking = 0.72; 95 % CI 0.63-0.83) and history of diabetes (RR for yes vs. no = 0.78; 95 % CI 0.72-0.85) were significantly associated with prostate cancer risk. Compared to whites, the risk of incident prostate cancer was twofold higher in African-Americans and 16 % higher in Latinos. Additional adjustment for a history of PSA testing did not change the results. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that racial/ethnic differences in prostate cancer risk are not explained by the lifestyle factors examined and that underlying genetic factors may be involved.
PURPOSE: Older age, African ancestry, and family history of prostate cancer are well-established risk factors for prostate cancer, and all are non-modifiable. Various lifestyle factors have been examined in relation to prostate cancer risk, including diet, obesity, and physical activity; however, none of them has been consistently related to risk. In the Multiethnic Cohort Study, we investigated whether lifestyle-related factors are associated with prostate cancer risk and whether such factors explain the racial/ethnic differences in risk. METHODS: During a mean follow-up of 13.9 years, 7,115 incident cases were identified among 75,216 white, African-American, Native Hawaiian, Japanese American, and Latino men. Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate relative risks (RRs) and 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CIs) for prostate cancer. RESULTS: Among selected lifestyle-related factors including body mass index, height, education, physical activity, and intakes of alcohol, calcium, legumes, lycopene, and selenium, only smoking (RR for current (≥20 cigarettes/day) vs. never smoking = 0.72; 95 % CI 0.63-0.83) and history of diabetes (RR for yes vs. no = 0.78; 95 % CI 0.72-0.85) were significantly associated with prostate cancer risk. Compared to whites, the risk of incident prostate cancer was twofold higher in African-Americans and 16 % higher in Latinos. Additional adjustment for a history of PSA testing did not change the results. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that racial/ethnic differences in prostate cancer risk are not explained by the lifestyle factors examined and that underlying genetic factors may be involved.
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