Benedetto Vitiello1, Deborah Lazzaretto2, Kseniya Yershova3, Howard Abikoff4, Natalya Paykina3, James T McCracken5, James J McGough5, Scott H Kollins6, Laurence L Greenhill3, Sharon Wigal7, Tim Wigal7, Mark A Riddle8. 1. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), Bethesda, MD. Electronic address: bvitiell@nih.gov. 2. independent statistical contractor. 3. Columbia University Medical Center and New York State Psychiatric Institute (NYSPI), New York. 4. New York University School of Medicine, New York. 5. University of California, Los Angeles. 6. Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC. 7. University of California, Irvine when this work was conducted and now are with AVIDA Inc., Newport Beach, CA. 8. Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To describe the long-term psychopharmacological treatment of children first diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as preschoolers. METHOD: In a systematic, prospective, naturalistic follow-up, 206 (68.0%) of the 303 children who participated in the Preschool ADHD Treatment Study (PATS) were reassessed 3 years (mean age 7.4 years) and 179 (59.1%) were reassessed 6 years (mean age 10.4 years) after completion of the controlled study. Pharmacotherapy and clinical data were obtained from the parents. Pharmacotherapy was defined as use of a specific class of medication for at least 50% of the days in the previous 6 months. RESULTS: At year 3, a total of 34.0% of the participants were on no pharmacotherapy, 41.3% were on stimulant monotherapy, 9.2% were on atomoxetine alone or with a stimulant, 8.3% were on an antipsychotic usually together with a stimulant, and the remaining 7.2% were on other pharmacotherapy; overall, 65.0% were on an indicated ADHD medication. At year 6, a total of 26.8% of the participants were on no pharmacotherapy, 40.2% were on stimulant monotherapy, 4.5% were on atomoxetine alone or with a stimulant, 13.4% were on an antipsychotic, and 15.1% were on other pharmacotherapy; overall, 70.9% were on an indicated ADHD medication. Antipsychotic treatment was associated with more comorbidity, in particular disruptive behavior disorders and pervasive development disorders, and a lower level of functioning. CONCLUSION: In this study, the long-term pharmacotherapy of preschoolers with ADHD was heterogeneous. Although stimulant medication continued to be used by most children, about 1 child in 4 was off medication, and about 1 in 10 was on an antipsychotic. Published by Elsevier Inc.
OBJECTIVE: To describe the long-term psychopharmacological treatment of children first diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as preschoolers. METHOD: In a systematic, prospective, naturalistic follow-up, 206 (68.0%) of the 303 children who participated in the Preschool ADHD Treatment Study (PATS) were reassessed 3 years (mean age 7.4 years) and 179 (59.1%) were reassessed 6 years (mean age 10.4 years) after completion of the controlled study. Pharmacotherapy and clinical data were obtained from the parents. Pharmacotherapy was defined as use of a specific class of medication for at least 50% of the days in the previous 6 months. RESULTS: At year 3, a total of 34.0% of the participants were on no pharmacotherapy, 41.3% were on stimulant monotherapy, 9.2% were on atomoxetine alone or with a stimulant, 8.3% were on an antipsychotic usually together with a stimulant, and the remaining 7.2% were on other pharmacotherapy; overall, 65.0% were on an indicated ADHD medication. At year 6, a total of 26.8% of the participants were on no pharmacotherapy, 40.2% were on stimulant monotherapy, 4.5% were on atomoxetine alone or with a stimulant, 13.4% were on an antipsychotic, and 15.1% were on other pharmacotherapy; overall, 70.9% were on an indicated ADHD medication. Antipsychotic treatment was associated with more comorbidity, in particular disruptive behavior disorders and pervasive development disorders, and a lower level of functioning. CONCLUSION: In this study, the long-term pharmacotherapy of preschoolers with ADHD was heterogeneous. Although stimulant medication continued to be used by most children, about 1 child in 4 was off medication, and about 1 in 10 was on an antipsychotic. Published by Elsevier Inc.
Authors: Laurence Greenhill; Scott Kollins; Howard Abikoff; James McCracken; Mark Riddle; James Swanson; James McGough; Sharon Wigal; Tim Wigal; Benedetto Vitiello; Anne Skrobala; Kelly Posner; Jaswinder Ghuman; Charles Cunningham; Mark Davies; Shirley Chuang; Tom Cooper Journal: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry Date: 2006-11 Impact factor: 8.829
Authors: Scott Kollins; Laurence Greenhill; James Swanson; Sharon Wigal; Howard Abikoff; James McCRACKEN; Mark Riddle; James McGOUGH; Benedetto Vitiello; Tim Wigal; Anne Skrobala; Kelly Posner; Jaswinder Ghuman; Mark Davies; Charles Cunningham; Audrey Bauzo Journal: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry Date: 2006-11 Impact factor: 8.829
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