Ann R Spevacek1, Jennifer T Smilowitz2, Elizabeth L Chin3, Mark A Underwood4, J Bruce German2, Carolyn M Slupsky5. 1. Departments of Nutrition. 2. Food Science and Technology, and Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA. 3. Food Science and Technology, and. 4. Pediatrics, and Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA. 5. Departments of Nutrition, Food Science and Technology, and Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA cslupsky@ucdavis.edu.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Human milk is the gold standard of nutrition for infants, providing both protective and essential nutrients. Although much is known about milk from mothers giving birth to term infants, less is known about milk from mothers giving birth to premature infants. In addition, little is known about the composition and diversity of small molecules in these milks and how they change over the first month of lactation. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to understand how milk metabolites vary over the first month of lactation in mothers giving birth to term and preterm infants. METHODS: (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics was used to characterize metabolites that were present in micromolar to molar concentrations in colostrum (day 0-5 postpartum), transition milk (day 14), and mature milk (day 28) from mothers who delivered term (n = 15) and preterm (n = 13) infants. Principal components analysis, linear mixed-effects models (LMMs), and linear models (LMs) were used to explore the relation between infant maturity and the postpartum day of collection of milk samples. RESULTS: By using a standard NMR metabolite library, 69 metabolites were identified in the milks, including 15 sugars, 23 amino acids and derivatives, 11 energy-related metabolites, 10 fatty acid-associated metabolites, 3 nucleotides and derivatives, 2 vitamins, and 5 bacteria-associated metabolites. Many metabolite concentrations followed a similar progression over time in both term and preterm milks, with more biological variation in metabolite concentrations in preterm milk. However, although lacto-N-neotetraose (LMM, P = 4.0 × 10(-5)) and lysine (LM, P = 1.5 × 10(-4)) significantly decreased in concentration in term milk over time, they did not significantly change in preterm milk. CONCLUSION: Overall, the metabolic profile of human milk is dynamic throughout the first month of lactation, with more variability in preterm than in term milk and subtle differences in some metabolite concentrations. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01841268.
BACKGROUND:Human milk is the gold standard of nutrition for infants, providing both protective and essential nutrients. Although much is known about milk from mothers giving birth to term infants, less is known about milk from mothers giving birth to premature infants. In addition, little is known about the composition and diversity of small molecules in these milks and how they change over the first month of lactation. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to understand how milk metabolites vary over the first month of lactation in mothers giving birth to term and preterm infants. METHODS: (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics was used to characterize metabolites that were present in micromolar to molar concentrations in colostrum (day 0-5 postpartum), transition milk (day 14), and mature milk (day 28) from mothers who delivered term (n = 15) and preterm (n = 13) infants. Principal components analysis, linear mixed-effects models (LMMs), and linear models (LMs) were used to explore the relation between infant maturity and the postpartum day of collection of milk samples. RESULTS: By using a standard NMR metabolite library, 69 metabolites were identified in the milks, including 15 sugars, 23 amino acids and derivatives, 11 energy-related metabolites, 10 fatty acid-associated metabolites, 3 nucleotides and derivatives, 2 vitamins, and 5 bacteria-associated metabolites. Many metabolite concentrations followed a similar progression over time in both term and preterm milks, with more biological variation in metabolite concentrations in preterm milk. However, although lacto-N-neotetraose (LMM, P = 4.0 × 10(-5)) and lysine (LM, P = 1.5 × 10(-4)) significantly decreased in concentration in term milk over time, they did not significantly change in preterm milk. CONCLUSION: Overall, the metabolic profile of human milk is dynamic throughout the first month of lactation, with more variability in preterm than in term milk and subtle differences in some metabolite concentrations. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01841268.
Authors: Francesca Turroni; Francesca Bottacini; Elena Foroni; Imke Mulder; Jae-Han Kim; Aldert Zomer; Borja Sánchez; Alessandro Bidossi; Alberto Ferrarini; Vanessa Giubellini; Massimo Delledonne; Bernard Henrissat; Pedro Coutinho; Marco Oggioni; Gerald F Fitzgerald; David Mills; Abelardo Margolles; Denise Kelly; Douwe van Sinderen; Marco Ventura Journal: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A Date: 2010-10-25 Impact factor: 11.205
Authors: Betty R Vohr; Brenda B Poindexter; Anna M Dusick; Leslie T McKinley; Linda L Wright; John C Langer; W Kenneth Poole Journal: Pediatrics Date: 2006-07 Impact factor: 7.124
Authors: Betty R Vohr; Brenda B Poindexter; Anna M Dusick; Leslie T McKinley; Rosemary D Higgins; John C Langer; W Kenneth Poole Journal: Pediatrics Date: 2007-10 Impact factor: 7.124
Authors: Jessica L Saben; Clark R Sims; Lindsay Pack; Renny Lan; Elisabet Børsheim; Aline Andres Journal: Pediatr Obes Date: 2021-12-16 Impact factor: 3.910
Authors: Elvira Isganaitis; Sarah Venditti; Tucker J Matthews; Carles Lerin; Ellen W Demerath; David A Fields Journal: Am J Clin Nutr Date: 2019-07-01 Impact factor: 7.045
Authors: Josh M Jorgensen; Rebecca Young; Per Ashorn; Ulla Ashorn; David Chaima; Jasmine C C Davis; Elisha Goonatilleke; Chiza Kumwenda; Carlito B Lebrilla; Kenneth Maleta; John Sadalaki; Sarah M Totten; Lauren D Wu; Angela M Zivkovic; Kathryn G Dewey Journal: Curr Dev Nutr Date: 2021-04-29
Authors: Daniel Munblit; Diego G Peroni; Alba Boix-Amorós; Peter S Hsu; Belinda Van't Land; Melvin C L Gay; Anastasia Kolotilina; Chrysanthi Skevaki; Robert J Boyle; Maria Carmen Collado; Johan Garssen; Donna T Geddes; Ralph Nanan; Carolyn Slupsky; Ganesa Wegienka; Anita L Kozyrskyj; John O Warner Journal: Nutrients Date: 2017-08-17 Impact factor: 5.717
Authors: Ulrik K Sundekilde; Eimear Downey; James A O'Mahony; Carol-Anne O'Shea; C Anthony Ryan; Alan L Kelly; Hanne C Bertram Journal: Nutrients Date: 2016-05-19 Impact factor: 5.717