Trudy Voortman1, Edith H van den Hooven2, Annemieke C Heijboer3, Albert Hofman2, Vincent Wv Jaddoe4, Oscar H Franco2. 1. Departments of Epidemiology and The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and trudy.voortman@erasmusmc.nl. 2. Departments of Epidemiology and. 3. Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 4. Departments of Epidemiology and Pediatrics, and The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: There is concern about a reemergence of vitamin D deficiency in children in developed countries. OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to describe vitamin D status in the Generation R study, a large multiethnic cohort of 6-y-old children in The Netherlands, and to examine sociodemographic, lifestyle, and dietary determinants of vitamin D deficiency. METHODS: We measured serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations in 4167 children aged 6 y and defined deficiency following recommended cutoffs. We examined the associations between subject characteristics and vitamin D deficiency with the use of multivariable logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: Serum 25(OH)D concentrations ranged from 4 to 211 nmol/L (median: 64 nmol/L), with 6.2% of the children having severely deficient (<25 nmol/L), 23.6% deficient (25 to <50 nmol/L), 36.5% sufficient (50 to <75 nmol/L), and 33.7% optimal (≥75 nmol/L) 25(OH)D concentrations. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency [25(OH)D <50 nmol/L] was higher in winter (51.3%) than in summer (10.3%); and higher in African, Asian, Turkish, and Moroccan children (54.5%) than in those with a Dutch or other Western ethnic background (17.6%). In multivariable models, several factors were associated with vitamin D deficiency, including household income (OR: 1.74; 95% CI: 1.34, 2.27 for low vs. high income), child age (OR: 1.39; 95% CI: 1.20, 1.62 per year), child television watching (OR: 1.32; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.64 for ≥2 vs. <2 h/d), and playing outside (OR: 0.71; 95% CI: 0.57, 0.89 for ≥1 vs. <1 h/d). In a subgroup with dietary data (n = 1915), vitamin D deficiency was associated with a lower diet quality, but not with vitamin D intake or supplement use in early childhood. CONCLUSIONS: Suboptimal vitamin D status is common among 6-y-old children in The Netherlands, especially among non-Western children and in winter and spring. Important modifiable factors associated with vitamin D deficiency were overall diet quality, sedentary behavior, and playing outside.
BACKGROUND: There is concern about a reemergence of vitamin D deficiency in children in developed countries. OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to describe vitamin D status in the Generation R study, a large multiethnic cohort of 6-y-old children in The Netherlands, and to examine sociodemographic, lifestyle, and dietary determinants of vitamin D deficiency. METHODS: We measured serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations in 4167 children aged 6 y and defined deficiency following recommended cutoffs. We examined the associations between subject characteristics and vitamin D deficiency with the use of multivariable logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: Serum 25(OH)D concentrations ranged from 4 to 211 nmol/L (median: 64 nmol/L), with 6.2% of the children having severely deficient (<25 nmol/L), 23.6% deficient (25 to <50 nmol/L), 36.5% sufficient (50 to <75 nmol/L), and 33.7% optimal (≥75 nmol/L) 25(OH)D concentrations. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency [25(OH)D <50 nmol/L] was higher in winter (51.3%) than in summer (10.3%); and higher in African, Asian, Turkish, and Moroccan children (54.5%) than in those with a Dutch or other Western ethnic background (17.6%). In multivariable models, several factors were associated with vitamin D deficiency, including household income (OR: 1.74; 95% CI: 1.34, 2.27 for low vs. high income), child age (OR: 1.39; 95% CI: 1.20, 1.62 per year), child television watching (OR: 1.32; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.64 for ≥2 vs. <2 h/d), and playing outside (OR: 0.71; 95% CI: 0.57, 0.89 for ≥1 vs. <1 h/d). In a subgroup with dietary data (n = 1915), vitamin D deficiency was associated with a lower diet quality, but not with vitamin D intake or supplement use in early childhood. CONCLUSIONS: Suboptimal vitamin D status is common among 6-y-old children in The Netherlands, especially among non-Western children and in winter and spring. Important modifiable factors associated with vitamin D deficiency were overall diet quality, sedentary behavior, and playing outside.
Authors: Kozeta Miliku; Janine F Felix; Trudy Voortman; Henning Tiemeier; Darryl W Eyles; Thomas H Burne; John J McGrath; Vincent W V Jaddoe Journal: Matern Child Nutr Date: 2018-09-21 Impact factor: 3.092
Authors: T F Cheung; K Y Cheuk; F W P Yu; V W Y Hung; C S Ho; T Y Zhu; B K W Ng; K M Lee; L Qin; S S Y Ho; G W K Wong; J C Y Cheng; T P Lam Journal: Osteoporos Int Date: 2016-03-24 Impact factor: 4.507
Authors: K Miliku; T Voortman; O H Franco; J J McGrath; D W Eyles; T H Burne; A Hofman; H Tiemeier; V W V Jaddoe Journal: Eur J Clin Nutr Date: 2015-12-23 Impact factor: 4.016
Authors: Kozeta Miliku; Anna Vinkhuyzen; Laura Me Blanken; John J McGrath; Darryl W Eyles; Thomas H Burne; Albert Hofman; Henning Tiemeier; Eric Ap Steegers; Romy Gaillard; Vincent Wv Jaddoe Journal: Am J Clin Nutr Date: 2016-04-20 Impact factor: 7.045