K Miliku1,2,3, T Voortman1,2, O H Franco2, J J McGrath4,5, D W Eyles4,5, T H Burne4,5, A Hofman2, H Tiemeier2,6, V W V Jaddoe1,2,3. 1. The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. 2. Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. 3. Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. 4. Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. 5. Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Park Centre for Mental Health, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. 6. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Abstract
BACKGROUND/ OBJECTIVES: Maternal vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy may influence offspring kidney health. We aimed to examine the associations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) blood levels during fetal life with kidney outcomes at school age. SUBJECTS/ METHODS: This study was embedded in a population-based prospective cohort study among 4212 mother-child pairs. We measured maternal second trimester (18-25 weeks) and fetal cord blood (at birth) 25(OH)D levels. At a median age of 6.0 years, we measured children's combined kidney volume, glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) from creatinine and cystatin C serum levels, and microalbuminuria from albumin and creatinine urine levels. RESULTS: Of all mothers, 21.9% had severely deficient levels (25(OH)D <25.0 nmol/l), 25.7% had deficient levels (25.0-49.9 nmol/l), 25% had sufficient levels (50.0-74.9 nmol/l) and 27.4% had optimal levels (⩾75.0 nmol/l). Maternal 25(OH)D levels were not consistently associated with childhood combined kidney volume. Higher maternal 25(OH)D levels were associated with lower childhood eGFR (difference -0.94 ml/min per 1.73 m(2) (95% confidence interval, -1.73; -0.15) per 1 standard deviation (s.d.) increase in 25(OH)D). Maternal 25(OH)D levels were not associated with microalbuminuria. Cord blood 25(OH)D levels were not associated with childhood kidney outcomes. The associations of maternal 25(OH)D levels with childhood eGFR were partly explained by childhood vitamin D status. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that maternal 25(OH)D levels during pregnancy may influence childhood kidney outcomes. These results should be considered hypothesis generating. Further studies are needed to replicate the observations, to examine the underlying mechanisms and to identify the long-term clinical consequences.
BACKGROUND/ OBJECTIVES: Maternal vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy may influence offspring kidney health. We aimed to examine the associations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) blood levels during fetal life with kidney outcomes at school age. SUBJECTS/ METHODS: This study was embedded in a population-based prospective cohort study among 4212 mother-child pairs. We measured maternal second trimester (18-25 weeks) and fetal cord blood (at birth) 25(OH)D levels. At a median age of 6.0 years, we measured children's combined kidney volume, glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) from creatinine and cystatin C serum levels, and microalbuminuria from albumin and creatinine urine levels. RESULTS: Of all mothers, 21.9% had severely deficient levels (25(OH)D <25.0 nmol/l), 25.7% had deficient levels (25.0-49.9 nmol/l), 25% had sufficient levels (50.0-74.9 nmol/l) and 27.4% had optimal levels (⩾75.0 nmol/l). Maternal 25(OH)D levels were not consistently associated with childhood combined kidney volume. Higher maternal 25(OH)D levels were associated with lower childhood eGFR (difference -0.94 ml/min per 1.73 m(2) (95% confidence interval, -1.73; -0.15) per 1 standard deviation (s.d.) increase in 25(OH)D). Maternal 25(OH)D levels were not associated with microalbuminuria. Cord blood 25(OH)D levels were not associated with childhood kidney outcomes. The associations of maternal 25(OH)D levels with childhood eGFR were partly explained by childhood vitamin D status. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that maternal 25(OH)D levels during pregnancy may influence childhood kidney outcomes. These results should be considered hypothesis generating. Further studies are needed to replicate the observations, to examine the underlying mechanisms and to identify the long-term clinical consequences.
Authors: Claudia J Kruithof; Marjolein N Kooijman; Cornelia M van Duijn; Oscar H Franco; Johan C de Jongste; Caroline C W Klaver; Johan P Mackenbach; Henriëtte A Moll; Hein Raat; Edmond H H M Rings; Fernando Rivadeneira; Eric A P Steegers; Henning Tiemeier; Andre G Uitterlinden; Frank C Verhulst; Eppo B Wolvius; Albert Hofman; Vincent W V Jaddoe Journal: Eur J Epidemiol Date: 2014-12-21 Impact factor: 8.082
Authors: Sarah R Crozier; Nicholas C Harvey; Hazel M Inskip; Keith M Godfrey; Cyrus Cooper; Siân M Robinson Journal: Am J Clin Nutr Date: 2012-05-23 Impact factor: 7.045
Authors: Darryl Eyles; Cameron Anderson; Pauline Ko; Alun Jones; Andrew Thomas; Thomas Burne; Preben Bo Mortensen; Bent Nørgaard-Pedersen; David Michael Hougaard; John McGrath Journal: Clin Chim Acta Date: 2009-02-14 Impact factor: 3.786
Authors: J J Miranda Geelhoed; Veronica E Kleyburg-Linkers; Sonja P E Snijders; Maarten Lequin; Jeroen Nauta; Eric A P Steegers; Albert J van der Heijden; Vincent W V Jaddoe Journal: Pediatr Nephrol Date: 2009-03-12 Impact factor: 3.714
Authors: Nicholas C Harvey; Rebecca J Moon; Avan Aihie Sayer; Georgia Ntani; Justin H Davies; M Kassim Javaid; Sian M Robinson; Keith M Godfrey; Hazel M Inskip; Cyrus Cooper Journal: J Clin Endocrinol Metab Date: 2013-12-20 Impact factor: 5.958
Authors: Kozeta Miliku; Anna Vinkhuyzen; Laura Me Blanken; John J McGrath; Darryl W Eyles; Thomas H Burne; Albert Hofman; Henning Tiemeier; Eric Ap Steegers; Romy Gaillard; Vincent Wv Jaddoe Journal: Am J Clin Nutr Date: 2016-04-20 Impact factor: 7.045