| Literature DB >> 25804689 |
Jin-Ju Kim1, Eun-Young Jang1, Yong-Chon Park1.
Abstract
PURPOSE: From the point of view that medical students are under the pressure of academic achievement and vulnerable to subjective distress, there is need for evaluate their strategies for enhancing self-esteem when they failed academically. This study was to develop the scale for enhancing self-esteem and to confirm the convergent, discriminant and criteria validity.Entities:
Keywords: Adjustment; Depression; Mental health; Scale of strategies for enhancing self-esteem; Self concept
Year: 2013 PMID: 25804689 PMCID: PMC8813502 DOI: 10.3946/kjme.2013.25.2.89
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Korean J Med Educ ISSN: 2005-727X
Item Contents
| Factor | Item |
|---|---|
| Doubt | 1. When I get dissatisfactory results on academic achievement, I usually doubt the diagnosticity of the rating system. |
| Compare | 2. When I am disappointed with my academic achievement, I compare myself with a person who is inferior to me. |
| Accept | 3. When I fail on an exam, I think I had a lack of effort. |
| Compare | 4. When I get dissatisfactory results on academic achievement, I usually compare myself with others. |
| Accept | 5. When I get dissatisfactory results on academic achievement, I assume that I was unlucky. |
| Doubt | 6. When I fail on an exam, I suspect that there can be errors in the results. |
| Accept | 7. When I get dissatisfactory results on academic achievement than I expected, I assume that I was incompetnent. |
| Compare | 8. When I get dissatisfactory results on academic achievement, I compare them with those of a person who is inferior to me. |
| Accept | 9. When I get dissatisfactory results on academic achievement than I expected, I usually pledge to myself that I will do my best next time. |
Rotated Factor Pattern
| Item | Factor | ||
|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | |
| 2. When I am disappointed with my academic achievement, I compare myself with a person who is inferior to me. | 0.80 | 0.28 | -0.07 |
| 8. When I get dissatisfactory results on academic achievement, I compare them with those of a person who is inferior to me. | 0.83 | -0.15 | -0.14 |
| 1. When I get dissatisfactory results on academic achievement, I usually doubt the diagnosticity of the rating system. | 0.13 | 0.83 | -0.16 |
| 6. When I fail on an exam, I suspect that there can be errors in the results. | 0.23 | 0.63 | 0.01 |
| 3. When I fail on an exam, I think I had a lack of effort. | 0.02 | -0.03 | 0.87 |
| 9. When I get dissatisfactory results on academic achievement than I expected, I usually pledge to myself that I will do my best next time. | -0.19 | -0.09 | 0.59 |
| Eigen value | 1.43 | 1.21 | 1.17 |
| (cumulative variance %) | (23.76) | (43.84) | (63.14) |
The Result of Reliability Analyses
| Item | Mean | SD | Item-total correlation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2. When I am disappointed with my academic achievement, I compare myself with a person who is inferior to me. | 2.21 | 1.02 | 0.71 |
| 8. When I get dissatisfactory results on academic achievement, I compare them with those of a person who is to than me. | 2.29 | 0.98 | 0.71 |
| Cronbach’s | |||
| 1. When I get dissatisfactory results on academic achievement, I usually doubt the diagnosticity of the rating system. | 2.34 | 0.97 | 0.56 |
| 6. When I fail on an exam, I suspect that there can be errors in the results. | 2.26 | 0.97 | 0.56 |
| Cronbach’s | |||
| 3. When I fail on an exam, I think I had a lack of effort. | 3.80 | 0.87 | 0.52 |
| 9. When I get dissatisfactory results on academic achievement than I expected, I usually pledge to myself that I will do my best next time. | 3.91 | 0.91 | 0.52 |
| Cronbach’s |
SD: Standard deviation.
Results of Confirmatory Factor Analyses
| X2 (p) | df | NFI | CFI | NNFI | RMSEA (90% CI) | GFI | AGFI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6.94 (0.33) | 6 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.03 (0.0~0.12) | 0.98 | 0.94 |
df: Degree of freedom, NFI: Normed fit index, CFI: Comparative fit index, NNFI: Non-normed fit index, RMSEA: Root mean square error of approximation, CI: Confidence interval for RMSEA, GFI: Goodness of fit index, AGFI: Adjusted goodness of fit index.
Fig. 1.Measurement Model of the Structure
Correlational Relationships with Personality Variables
| Male | Female | Total | Z-score | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Compare | ||||
| Self-esteem1 | -0.07 | -0.17 | -0.11 | 0.75 |
| Self-esteem2 | -0.21** | -0.16 | -0.21 | -0.44 |
| Narcissism | 0.24 | 0.20 | 0.24 | 0.27 |
| Extraversion | -0.07 | 0.03 | 0.00 | -0.64 |
| Agreeableness | -0.07 | -0.06 | -0.05 | -0.03 |
| Conscientiousness | -0.15 | 0.00 | -0.11 | -1.02 |
| Neuroticism | -0.17 | 0.08 | -0.05 | -1.78 |
| Openness | -0.08 | 0.05 | -0.02 | -0.87 |
| Doubt | ||||
| Self-esteem1 | -0.04 | -0.10 | -0.06 | 0.42 |
| Self-esteem2 | -0.15 | -0.17 | -0.16 | 0.18 |
| Narcissism | 0.24 | 0.08 | 0.20 | 2.20 |
| Extraversion | 0.04 | -0.05 | 0.03 | 0.67 |
| Agreeableness | -0.09 | 0.14 | -0.02 | -1.58 |
| Conscientiousness | -0.16 | 0.08 | -0.09 | -1.61 |
| Neuroticism | -0.03 | -0.06 | -0.02 | 0.20 |
| Openness | -0.09 | 0.23 | 0.01 | -2.24 |
| Accept | ||||
| Self-esteem1 | 0.28 | 0.19 | 0.26 | 0.69 |
| Self-esteem2 | 0.35 | 0.14 | 0.31 | 1.79 |
| Narcissism | -0.23 | -0.07 | -0.20 | -1.14 |
| Extraversion | -0.06 | 0.05 | -0.05 | -0.74 |
| Agreeableness | 0.10 | -0.11 | 0.03 | 1.44 |
| Conscientiousness | 0.11 | 0.03 | 0.09 | 0.55 |
| Neuroticism | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.10 |
| Openness | 0.18 | 0.06 | 0.13 | 0.79 |
Self-esteem1: Self-esteem at time 1, Self-esteem2: Self-esteem at time 2.
p<0.05,
p<0.01,
p<0.001,
p<0.10.
Correlational Relationships with Depression and Adjustment
| Male | Female | Total | Z-score | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Compare | ||||
| Depression1 | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.22 | -0.03 |
| Depression2 | 0.24 | 0.20 | 0.24 | -0.32 |
| Adjustment | -0.19 | -0.19 | -0.20 | 0.04 |
| Doubt | ||||
| Depression1 | 0.11 | 0.18 | 0.15 | -0.51 |
| Depression2 | 0.21 | 0.36 | 0.27 | -1.26 |
| Adjustment | -0.19 | -0.27 | -0.22 | 0.67 |
| Accept | ||||
| Depression1 | -0.33 | -0.19 | -0.30 | -1.05 |
| Depression2 | -0.39 | -0.28 | -0.37 | -0.93 |
| Adjustment | 0.41 | 0.12 | 0.34 | 2.42 |
Depression1: Depression at time 1, Depression2: Depression at time 2.
p<0.05,
p<0.01,
p<0.001,
p<0.10.