Li Hsu1, Jihyoun Jeon2, Hermann Brenner3, Stephen B Gruber4, Robert E Schoen5, Sonja I Berndt6, Andrew T Chan7, Jenny Chang-Claude8, Mengmeng Du2, Jian Gong2, Tabitha A Harrison2, Richard B Hayes9, Michael Hoffmeister10, Carolyn M Hutter11, Yi Lin2, Reiko Nishihara12, Shuji Ogino13, Ross L Prentice2, Fredrick R Schumacher14, Daniela Seminara11, Martha L Slattery15, Duncan C Thomas14, Mark Thornquist2, Polly A Newcomb2, John D Potter16, Yingye Zheng2, Emily White2, Ulrike Peters17. 1. Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. Electronic address: lih@fhcrc.org. 2. Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. 3. Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany. 4. University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California. 5. Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 6. Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland. 7. Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. 8. Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany. 9. Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York. 10. Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany. 11. Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland. 12. Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. 13. Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts. 14. Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California. 15. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah. 16. Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand. 17. Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. Electronic address: upeters@fhcrc.org.
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Risk for colorectal cancer (CRC) can be greatly reduced through screening. To aid in the development of screening strategies, we refined models designed to determine risk of CRC by incorporating information from common genetic susceptibility loci. METHODS: By using data collected from more than 12,000 participants in 6 studies performed from 1990 through 2011 in the United States and Germany, we developed risk determination models based on sex, age, family history, genetic risk score (number of risk alleles carried at 27 validated common CRC susceptibility loci), and history of endoscopic examinations. The model was validated using data collected from approximately 1800 participants in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial, conducted from 1993 through 2001 in the United States. RESULTS: We identified a CRC genetic risk score that independently predicted which patients in the training set would develop CRC. Compared with determination of risk based only on family history, adding the genetic risk score increased the discriminatory accuracy from 0.51 to 0.59 (P = .0028) for men and from 0.52 to 0.56 (P = .14) for women. We calculated age- and sex-specific 10-year CRC absolute risk estimates based on the number of risk alleles, family history, and history of endoscopic examinations. A model that included a genetic risk score better determined the recommended starting age for screening in subjects with and without family histories of CRC. The starting age for high-risk men (family history of CRC and genetic risk score, 90%) was 42 years, and for low-risk men (no family history of CRC and genetic risk score, 10%) was 52 years. For men with no family history and a high genetic risk score (90%), the starting age would be 47 years; this is an intermediate value that is 5 years earlier than it would be for men with a genetic risk score of 10%. Similar trends were observed in women. CONCLUSIONS: By incorporating information on CRC risk alleles, we created a model to determine the risk for CRC more accurately. This model might be used to develop screening and prevention strategies.
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Risk for colorectal cancer (CRC) can be greatly reduced through screening. To aid in the development of screening strategies, we refined models designed to determine risk of CRC by incorporating information from common genetic susceptibility loci. METHODS: By using data collected from more than 12,000 participants in 6 studies performed from 1990 through 2011 in the United States and Germany, we developed risk determination models based on sex, age, family history, genetic risk score (number of risk alleles carried at 27 validated common CRC susceptibility loci), and history of endoscopic examinations. The model was validated using data collected from approximately 1800 participants in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial, conducted from 1993 through 2001 in the United States. RESULTS: We identified a CRC genetic risk score that independently predicted which patients in the training set would develop CRC. Compared with determination of risk based only on family history, adding the genetic risk score increased the discriminatory accuracy from 0.51 to 0.59 (P = .0028) for men and from 0.52 to 0.56 (P = .14) for women. We calculated age- and sex-specific 10-year CRC absolute risk estimates based on the number of risk alleles, family history, and history of endoscopic examinations. A model that included a genetic risk score better determined the recommended starting age for screening in subjects with and without family histories of CRC. The starting age for high-risk men (family history of CRC and genetic risk score, 90%) was 42 years, and for low-risk men (no family history of CRC and genetic risk score, 10%) was 52 years. For men with no family history and a high genetic risk score (90%), the starting age would be 47 years; this is an intermediate value that is 5 years earlier than it would be for men with a genetic risk score of 10%. Similar trends were observed in women. CONCLUSIONS: By incorporating information on CRC risk alleles, we created a model to determine the risk for CRC more accurately. This model might be used to develop screening and prevention strategies.
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