DNA sampling and informed consent.

Standard consent forms for blood and tissue sampling are inadequate for DNA sampling. However, creating new and separate forms for each type of activity associated with DNA analysis (banking, linkage analysis and genetic diagnosis) tends to dissociate the participant from what is essentially a medical continuum. Furthermore, DNA sampling involves the sharing of samples and data among centres. To ensure patient control throughout this multifaceted process, we have developed an integrated approach to obtaining consent for DNA sampling at each level of participation. Movement from one level to another is reflected in the choices offered to participants. This inclusive approach is based on the underlying principle of informed consent, namely the respect for individuality, confidentiality and freedom of choice. This approach should help practitioners of medical genetics recognize the medical context of DNA sampling.