PURPOSE: Our purpose was to characterize the oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]) kinetics, assess the energy systems contributions and determine the energy cost when swimming front crawl at extreme intensity. Complementarily, we compared swimming full body with upper body only. METHODS: Seventeen swimmers performed a 100 m maximal front crawl in two conditions: once swimming with full body and other using only the upper propulsive segments. The [Formula: see text] was continuously measured using a telemetric portable gas analyser (connected to a respiratory snorkel), and the capillary blood samples for lactate concentration analysis were collected. RESULTS: A sudden increase in [Formula: see text] in the beginning of exercise, which continuously rose until the end of the bout (time: 63.82 ± 3.38 s; [Formula: see text]: 56.07 ± 5.19 ml min(-1) kg(-1); [Formula: see text] amplitude: 41.88 ± 4.74 ml min(-1) kg(-1); time constant: 12.73 ± 3.09 s), was observed. Aerobic, anaerobic lactic and alactic pathways were estimated and accounted for 43.4, 33.1 and 23.5 % of energy contribution and 1.16 ± 0.10 kJ m(-1) was the energy cost. Complementarily, the absence of lower limbs lead to a longer time to cover 100 m (71.96 ± 5.13 s), slower [Formula: see text] kinetics, lower aerobic and anaerobic (lactic and alactic) energy production and lower energy cost. CONCLUSION: Despite the short duration of the event, the aerobic energy contribution covers about 50 % of total metabolic energy liberation, highlighting that both aerobic and anaerobic energy processes should be developed to improve the 100 m swimming performance. Lower limbs action provided an important contribution in the energy availability in working muscles being advised its full use in this short duration and very high-intensity event.
PURPOSE: Our purpose was to characterize the oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]) kinetics, assess the energy systems contributions and determine the energy cost when swimming front crawl at extreme intensity. Complementarily, we compared swimming full body with upper body only. METHODS: Seventeen swimmers performed a 100 m maximal front crawl in two conditions: once swimming with full body and other using only the upper propulsive segments. The [Formula: see text] was continuously measured using a telemetric portable gas analyser (connected to a respiratory snorkel), and the capillary blood samples for lactate concentration analysis were collected. RESULTS: A sudden increase in [Formula: see text] in the beginning of exercise, which continuously rose until the end of the bout (time: 63.82 ± 3.38 s; [Formula: see text]: 56.07 ± 5.19 ml min(-1) kg(-1); [Formula: see text] amplitude: 41.88 ± 4.74 ml min(-1) kg(-1); time constant: 12.73 ± 3.09 s), was observed. Aerobic, anaerobic lactic and alactic pathways were estimated and accounted for 43.4, 33.1 and 23.5 % of energy contribution and 1.16 ± 0.10 kJ m(-1) was the energy cost. Complementarily, the absence of lower limbs lead to a longer time to cover 100 m (71.96 ± 5.13 s), slower [Formula: see text] kinetics, lower aerobic and anaerobic (lactic and alactic) energy production and lower energy cost. CONCLUSION: Despite the short duration of the event, the aerobic energy contribution covers about 50 % of total metabolic energy liberation, highlighting that both aerobic and anaerobic energy processes should be developed to improve the 100 m swimming performance. Lower limbs action provided an important contribution in the energy availability in working muscles being advised its full use in this short duration and very high-intensity event.
Authors: R J Fernandes; V L Billat; A C Cruz; P J Colaço; C S Cardoso; J P Vilas-Boas Journal: J Sports Med Phys Fitness Date: 2006-09 Impact factor: 1.637
Authors: Kirstin S Morris; Mark A Osborne; Megan E Shephard; Tina L Skinner; David G Jenkins Journal: Eur J Appl Physiol Date: 2016-04-06 Impact factor: 3.078
Authors: Tiago A F Almeida; Dalton M Pessôa Filho; Mário A C Espada; Joana F Reis; Astor R Simionato; Leandro O C Siqueira; Francisco B Alves Journal: Eur J Appl Physiol Date: 2020-03-24 Impact factor: 3.078
Authors: Luis Rodríguez; Santiago Veiga; Iker García; José M González-Ravé Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health Date: 2021-06-25 Impact factor: 3.390