INTRODUCTION: Nicotine delivery from smokeless tobacco (ST) products leads to addiction and the use of ST causes pathology that is associated with increased initiation of cigarette smoking. The rapid delivery of nicotine from ST seems to be associated with the pH of the aqueous suspension of the products - high pH is associated with high nicotine absorption. However, early studies compared nicotine absorption from different commercial products that not only differed in pH but in flavoring, nicotine content, and in format-pouches and loose tobacco. METHODS: The present study compared nicotine absorption from a single unflavored referent ST product (pH 7.7) that was flavored with a low level of wintergreen (2 mg/g) and the pH was amended to either high (8.3) or low (5.4) pH with sodium carbonate or citric acid, respectively. RESULTS: In a within-subject clinical study, the higher pH products delivered more nicotine. No significant differences were seen between perceived product strengths and product experience in all conditions. Heart rate increased by 4 to 6 beats per minute after the high pH flavored and the un-amended product but did not change after the low pH flavored product. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that pH is a primary determinant of buccal nicotine absorption. The role of flavoring and other components of ST products in nicotine absorption remain to be determined.
INTRODUCTION:Nicotine delivery from smokeless tobacco (ST) products leads to addiction and the use of ST causes pathology that is associated with increased initiation of cigarette smoking. The rapid delivery of nicotine from ST seems to be associated with the pH of the aqueous suspension of the products - high pH is associated with high nicotine absorption. However, early studies compared nicotine absorption from different commercial products that not only differed in pH but in flavoring, nicotine content, and in format-pouches and loose tobacco. METHODS: The present study compared nicotine absorption from a single unflavored referent ST product (pH 7.7) that was flavored with a low level of wintergreen (2 mg/g) and the pH was amended to either high (8.3) or low (5.4) pH with sodium carbonate or citric acid, respectively. RESULTS: In a within-subject clinical study, the higher pH products delivered more nicotine. No significant differences were seen between perceived product strengths and product experience in all conditions. Heart rate increased by 4 to 6 beats per minute after the high pH flavored and the un-amended product but did not change after the low pH flavored product. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that pH is a primary determinant of buccal nicotine absorption. The role of flavoring and other components of ST products in nicotine absorption remain to be determined.
Authors: Mariann R Piano; Neal L Benowitz; Garret A Fitzgerald; Susan Corbridge; Janie Heath; Ellen Hahn; Terry F Pechacek; George Howard Journal: Circulation Date: 2010-09-13 Impact factor: 29.690
Authors: Bartosz Koszowski; Lauren C Viray; Stephen B Stanfill; Joseph G Lisko; Zach R Rosenberry; Jennifer L Potts; Wallace B Pickworth Journal: Pharmacol Biochem Behav Date: 2015-06-19 Impact factor: 3.533
Authors: Deniz Bagdas; Laura E Rupprecht; Eric J Nunes; Emma Schillinger; Judah J Immanuel; Nii A Addy Journal: Nicotine Tob Res Date: 2022-03-26 Impact factor: 5.825