Robert C Green1, Kurt D Christensen2, L Adrienne Cupples3, Norman R Relkin4, Peter J Whitehouse5, Charmaine D M Royal6, Thomas O Obisesan7, Robert Cook-Deegan8, Erin Linnenbringer9, Melissa Barber Butson5, Grace-Ann Fasaye10, Elana Levinson11, J Scott Roberts12. 1. Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Partners Personalized Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. Electronic address: rcgreen@genetics.med.harvard.edu. 2. Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. 3. Departments of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. 4. Department of Neurology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA. 5. Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA. 6. Department of African and African American Studies, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. 7. Department of Medicine, Howard University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA. 8. Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. 9. Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. 10. Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA. 11. Department of Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. 12. Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION:Conventional multisession genetic counseling is currently recommended when disclosing apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype for the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in cognitively normal individuals. The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety of brief disclosure protocols for disclosing APOE genotype for the risk of AD. METHODS: A randomized, multicenter noninferiority trial was conducted at four sites. Participants were asymptomatic adults having a first-degree relative with AD. A standard disclosure protocol by genetic counselors (SP-GC) was compared with condensed protocols, with disclosures by genetic counselors (CP-GC) and by physicians (CP-MD). Preplanned co-primary outcomes were anxiety and depression scales 12 months after disclosure. RESULTS:Three hundred and forty-three adults (mean age 58.3, range 33-86 years, 71% female, 23% African American) were randomly assigned to the SP-GC protocol (n = 115), CP-GC protocol (n = 116), or CP-MD protocol (n = 112). Mean postdisclosure scores on all outcomes were well below cut-offs for clinical concern across protocols. Comparing CP-GC with SP-GC, the 97.5% upper confidence limits at 12 months after disclosure on co-primary outcomes of anxiety and depression ranged from a difference of 1.2 to 2.0 in means (all P < .001 on noninferiority tests), establishing noninferiority for condensed protocols. Results were similar between European Americans and African Americans. CONCLUSIONS: These data support the safety of condensed protocols for APOE disclosure for those free of severe anxiety or depression who are actively seeking such information.
RCT Entities:
INTRODUCTION: Conventional multisession genetic counseling is currently recommended when disclosing apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype for the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in cognitively normal individuals. The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety of brief disclosure protocols for disclosing APOE genotype for the risk of AD. METHODS: A randomized, multicenter noninferiority trial was conducted at four sites. Participants were asymptomatic adults having a first-degree relative with AD. A standard disclosure protocol by genetic counselors (SP-GC) was compared with condensed protocols, with disclosures by genetic counselors (CP-GC) and by physicians (CP-MD). Preplanned co-primary outcomes were anxiety and depression scales 12 months after disclosure. RESULTS: Three hundred and forty-three adults (mean age 58.3, range 33-86 years, 71% female, 23% African American) were randomly assigned to the SP-GC protocol (n = 115), CP-GC protocol (n = 116), or CP-MD protocol (n = 112). Mean postdisclosure scores on all outcomes were well below cut-offs for clinical concern across protocols. Comparing CP-GC with SP-GC, the 97.5% upper confidence limits at 12 months after disclosure on co-primary outcomes of anxiety and depression ranged from a difference of 1.2 to 2.0 in means (all P < .001 on noninferiority tests), establishing noninferiority for condensed protocols. Results were similar between European Americans and African Americans. CONCLUSIONS: These data support the safety of condensed protocols for APOE disclosure for those free of severe anxiety or depression who are actively seeking such information.
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