Literature DB >> 25484756

Crystal structure of ammonium 3'-azido-3'-de-oxy-thymidine-5'-amino-carbonyl-phospho-nate hemi-hydrate: an anti-HIV agent.

Maxim V Jasko1, Galina V Gurskaya1, Marina K Kukhanova1, Ivan S Bushmarinov2.   

Abstract

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, NH4 (+)·C11H14N6O7P(-)·0.5H2O, contains one 3'-azido-3'-de-oxy-thymidine-5'amino-carbonyl-phospho-nate (ACP-AZT) anion, half of an NH4 (+) cation lying on a twofold rotation axis and in another position, occupied with equal probabilities of 0.5, an NH4 (+) cation and a water mol-ecule. The amide group of the ACP-AZT anion is disordered (occupancy ratio 0.5:0.5), with one part forming an N-H⋯O (involving C=O⋯H4N(+)) hydrogen bond and the other an O-H⋯N (involving C-NH2⋯OH2) hydrogen bond with the components of the split NH4 (+)/H2O position. The pseudorotation parameters of ACP-AZT set it apart from previously studied AZT and thymidine. In the crystal, the various components are linked by N-H⋯O, O-H⋯O, N-H⋯N, C-H⋯O and C-H⋯N hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional framework.

Entities:  

Keywords:  amino­carbonyl­phospho­nate; ammonium salt; anti-HIV agent; crystal structure; de­oxy­thymidine

Year:  2014        PMID: 25484756      PMCID: PMC4257306          DOI: 10.1107/S1600536814022405

Source DB:  PubMed          Journal:  Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online        ISSN: 1600-5368


Chemical context

Nucleoside analogues play an important role in clinics as anti­viral drugs. At present, seven nucleoside analogues have been approved by the US FDA for the treatment of HIV-infected patients, the first of which was 3′-azido-3′-de­oxy­thymidine (AZT) (DeClercq, 2010 ▶). Despite progress in the treatment of HIV-infected patients, these drugs possess some drawbacks: AZT lifetime in patients is only one h, requiring frequent dose administration; long-term usage of AZT causes toxic side effects, viz anaemia, bone-marrow suppression, neuropathy and emergence of HIV-resistant strains (Stańczak et al., 2006 ▶; Beaumont et al., 2003 ▶). Various forms of nucleosides and nucleotides have been developed in order to reduce the toxic effects of anti-HIV drugs, to increase their oral bioavailability and to improve their pharmacokinetic properties (Kukhanova & Shirokova, 2005 ▶). Out of a large number of potential HIV drugs, only one compound has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of HIV-infected patients, namely, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (Viread®; DeClercq, 2010 ▶), and one prodrug of AZT (5′-hydrogenphospho­nate AZT, Nikavir®) has been used in clinical trials in Russia (Ivanova et al., 2010 ▶; Kukhanova & Shirokova, 2005 ▶). In a continuation of the search for compounds with improved medicinal properties, we have synthesized a novel derivative form of AZT, 5′-amino­carbonyl­phospho­nate 3′-azido-3′-de­oxy­thymidine (ACPAZT). Biological testing of ACPAZT in cell cultures infected with HIV-1 showed that this compound inhibited virus replication and its toxicity was much lower compared to that of AZT and Nikavir. ACPAZT displayed improved pharmacokinetic characteristics com­pared to AZT (Khandazhinskaya et al., 2009 ▶; Kukhanova, 2012 ▶; Shirokova et al., 2006 ▶). Accumulation of ACPAZT in animal blood was slower than the accumulation of AZT, leading to a decrease in the toxic side effects displayed by AZT. The half-life of ACPAZT in animal blood is three to four times longer than that of AZT, making it a perspective candidate as an anti-HIV drug for clinical usage. At present, the title compound is undergoing clinical trials as a potential anti-HIV drug.

Structural commentary

The mol­ecular structure of the title compound, ACPAZT, is illustrated in Fig. 1 ▶. The comparative analysis of the crystal structure conformation of the title ACPAZT mol­ecule with the conformation of AZT and natural thymidine mol­ecules (Young et al., 1969 ▶) is discussed below. The main differences are observed in the carbohydrate fragments of the mol­ecules. In terms of pseudorotation (IUPAC–IUB, 1983 ▶), the conformation of the furan­ose ring in the ACPAZT mol­ecule is described by the phase angle of pseudorotation, P = 25.2°, and the degree of pucker, Ψm = 35.0°. These results correspond to a C3′-endo-C4′-exo (3T4) conformation of the sugar cycle. Atoms C3′ and C4′ deviate from the plane of atoms C1′/O4′/C2′ by 0.458 and −0.101 Å, respectively. Unlike the AZT mol­ecules and the mol­ecule of thymidine, which exhibit a C3′-exo- class of pucker, the ACPAZT mol­ecule exhibits a C3′-endo pucker. The orientation of the thymine base relative to the de­oxy­ribose ring in the ACPAZT mol­ecule is anti, similar to that in natural thymidine and AZT, the glycosyl torsion angle χACPAZT(O4′—C1′—N1—C2) = −147.75 (16)°. The geometric parameters of the azido residue and the orientation relative to the de­oxy­ribose ring in ACPAZT and AZT coincide within experimental error.
Figure 1

A view of the mol­ecular structure of the title salt, showing the atom numbering. Displacement ellipsoids are drawn at the 50% probability level. The ammonium cation, N1S, lies on a twofold rotation axis.

Supra­molecular features

The C(O)NH2 group of ACPAZT is disordered, one part forming a C=O⋯H4N+ hydrogen bond and the other a C—NH2⋯OH2 hydrogen bond with the components of the NH4 +/H2O position (Table 1 ▶ and Fig. 2 ▶). In the crystal, the various components are linked by N—H⋯O, O—H⋯O, N—H⋯N, C—H⋯O and C—H⋯N hydrogen bonds (Table 1 ▶), forming a three-dimensional framework. The structure can be described by an ordered supercell doubled in the c direction (Fig. 2 ▶); however, this was not observed in the diffraction experiment.
Table 1

Hydrogen-bond geometry (, )

DHA DHHA D A DHA
N1SH1SAO4i 0.85(2)2.01(2)2.8565(19)173(2)
N1SH1SBO60.94(3)1.86(3)2.780(2)168(2)
N3H3O5ii 0.90(3)1.90(3)2.781(2)167(3)
O2SH2SAO5iii 0.87(2)2.00(2)2.868(11)176(3)
N2SH2SAO5iii 0.93(2)2.00(2)2.857(11)154(3)
N2SH2SCO60.94(3)2.21(4)3.013(12)143(5)
N2SH2SCO70.94(3)2.20(5)2.901(16)130(5)
O2SH2SBO2iv 0.93(2)1.91(2)2.822(11)166(3)
N2SH2SBO2iv 0.95(2)1.91(2)2.818(12)159(3)
N2SH2SDO7v 0.95(3)1.99(3)2.902(16)162(5)
N7H7AN7vi 0.91(3)1.93(5)2.67(3)136(5)
N7H7BN2S vii 0.92(3)2.66(6)3.265(17)124(5)
N7AH7AAO2S v 0.90(3)2.00(3)2.887(18)167(6)
N7AH7ABO2S 0.91(3)2.03(3)2.856(15)150(4)
C1H1O6viii 0.90(3)2.53(2)3.100(2)122.3(19)
C3H3N4iv 0.92(2)2.65(2)3.274(3)125.1(19)
C4H4O4ix 1.002.513.257(2)131
C6H6O50.952.473.402(2)168

Symmetry codes: (i) ; (ii) ; (iii) ; (iv) ; (v) ; (vi) ; (vii) ; (viii) ; (ix) .

Figure 2

The hydrogen bonds involving the disordered water and ammonia mol­ecules in the crystal packing of ACP–AZT (see Table 1 ▶ for details). A fragment of the hypothetically ordered ‘supercell’ is shown.

Database survey

Earlier, in 1986, we studied the crystal and mol­ecular structures of AZT and then some other HIV replication inhibitors by X-ray analysis (Gurskaya et al., 1986 ▶, 1990 ▶, 1991 ▶, 1992 ▶). AZT structures obtained later by four other laboratories were similar to our structure (Camerman et al., 1987 ▶; Birnbaum et al., 1987 ▶; Parthasarathy et al., 1988 ▶; Van Roey et al., 1988 ▶).

Synthesis and crystallization

The title compound was synthesized as described earlier (Shirokova et al., 2004 ▶). The crystals for X-ray analysis were selected from a highly dispersed (fine crystals) batch of ACPAZT prepared for clinical usage.

Refinement

Crystal data, data collection and structure refinement details are summarized in Table 2 ▶. The C-bound H atoms were included in calculated positions and treated as riding, with C—H = 0.95–1.00 Å and U iso(H) = 1.5U eq(C) for methyl H atoms and 1.2U eq(C) for other H atoms. The other distance restraints and SIMU parameters are given below: DFIX 1.234 0.005 O7A C6′ O7 C6′; DFIX 0.9 N7 H7a N7 H7b; DFIX 0.95 N2S H2Sc N2S H2Sd N2S H2Sa N2S H2Sb O2S H2Sb O2S H2Sa; DFIX 1.325 0.005 N7 C6′ N7A C6′; DFIX 0.9 N7A H7Aa N7A H7Ab; SIMU 0.01 0.005 1.7 N2S O2S; SIMU 0.01 0.005 1.7 N7A O7 O7A N7. The split NH4 +/H2O position was refined with an occupancy of 0.5 for each atom.
Table 2

Experimental details

Crystal data
Chemical formulaNH4 +C11H14N6O7P0.5H2O
M r 400.30
Crystal system, space groupTetragonal, P41212
Temperature (K)100
a, c ()18.5564(6), 10.1139(4)
V (3)3482.6(3)
Z 8
Radiation typeMo K
(mm1)0.21
Crystal size (mm)0.21 0.20 0.20
 
Data collection
DiffractometerBruker APEXII CCD
Absorption correctionMulti-scan (SADABS; Bruker, 2009)
T min, T max 0.670, 0.746
No. of measured, independent and observed [I > 2(I)] reflections47562, 5322, 4822
R int 0.047
(sin /)max (1)0.714
 
Refinement
R[F 2 > 2(F 2)], wR(F 2), S 0.032, 0.079, 1.09
No. of reflections5322
No. of parameters315
No. of restraints32
H-atom treatmentH atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement
max, min (e 3)0.34, 0.29
Absolute structureFlack x determined using 1919 quotients [(I +)(I )]/[(I +)+(I )] (Parsons et al., 2013)
Absolute structure parameter0.00(3)

Computer programs: APEX2 and SAINT (Bruker, 2009 ▶), SHELXS2014 and SHELXL2014 (Sheldrick, 2008 ▶) and OLEX2 (Dolomanov et al., 2009 ▶).

Crystal structure: contains datablock(s) global, I. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536814022405/su2792sup1.cif Structure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536814022405/su2792Isup2.hkl CCDC reference: 1028847 Additional supporting information: crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report
NH4+·C11H14N6O7P·0.5H2ODx = 1.527 Mg m3
Mr = 400.30Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å
Tetragonal, P41212Cell parameters from 9998 reflections
a = 18.5564 (6) Åθ = 2.3–30.3°
c = 10.1139 (4) ŵ = 0.21 mm1
V = 3482.6 (3) Å3T = 100 K
Z = 8Prism, colourless
F(000) = 16720.21 × 0.20 × 0.20 mm
Bruker APEXII CCD diffractometer5322 independent reflections
Radiation source: sealed tube4822 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Graphite monochromatorRint = 0.047
Detector resolution: 8 pixels mm-1θmax = 30.5°, θmin = 2.2°
φ and ω scansh = −26→26
Absorption correction: multi-scan (SADABS; Bruker, 2009)k = −26→26
Tmin = 0.670, Tmax = 0.746l = −14→14
47562 measured reflections
Refinement on F2Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map
Least-squares matrix: fullHydrogen site location: mixed
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.032H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement
wR(F2) = 0.079w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0415P)2 + 0.5648P] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3
S = 1.09(Δ/σ)max = 0.001
5322 reflectionsΔρmax = 0.34 e Å3
315 parametersΔρmin = −0.29 e Å3
32 restraintsAbsolute structure: Flack x determined using 1919 quotients [(I+)-(I-)]/[(I+)+(I-)] (Parsons et al., 2013)
Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methodsAbsolute structure parameter: 0.00 (3)
Geometry. All e.s.d.'s (except the e.s.d. in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.'s are taken into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.'s in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.'s in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell e.s.d.'s is used for estimating e.s.d.'s involving l.s. planes.
xyzUiso*/UeqOcc. (<1)
P10.68921 (3)0.49006 (3)0.20527 (5)0.01645 (10)
O20.92567 (8)0.79475 (9)0.50029 (14)0.0247 (3)
O2S0.5859 (5)0.4368 (6)0.5786 (9)0.0241 (17)0.5
O40.79798 (8)0.68215 (7)0.82247 (13)0.0194 (3)
O4'0.81753 (7)0.69188 (7)0.21627 (13)0.0172 (3)
O50.68747 (8)0.45502 (8)0.07236 (14)0.0229 (3)
O5'0.74688 (8)0.55407 (8)0.20885 (14)0.0234 (3)
O60.70278 (9)0.44576 (8)0.32578 (14)0.0257 (3)
O70.5715 (9)0.5389 (8)0.3380 (10)0.026 (2)0.5
O7A0.5847 (6)0.5815 (6)0.1427 (10)0.0303 (19)0.5
N10.85030 (9)0.70295 (9)0.43868 (15)0.0156 (3)
N1S0.69819 (9)0.30181 (9)0.25000.0156 (4)
H1SA0.7013 (13)0.2684 (13)0.308 (2)0.018 (6)*
H1SB0.7014 (14)0.3480 (14)0.287 (3)0.025 (6)*
H30.8853 (15)0.7633 (15)0.719 (3)0.029*
H2SA0.5720 (15)0.3982 (11)0.536 (3)0.029*
H2SC0.619 (3)0.461 (3)0.478 (4)0.029*0.5
H2SB0.6270 (12)0.4260 (15)0.628 (2)0.029*
H2SD0.570 (3)0.477 (3)0.590 (5)0.029*0.5
N2S0.5985 (7)0.4395 (7)0.5538 (11)0.028 (2)0.5
N30.86108 (9)0.73708 (9)0.65883 (15)0.0163 (3)
N40.94590 (10)0.55785 (9)0.10114 (18)0.0229 (4)
N50.92571 (10)0.49900 (10)0.05676 (19)0.0266 (4)
N60.91507 (14)0.44520 (13)0.0082 (3)0.0464 (6)
N70.5716 (7)0.5749 (8)0.1320 (14)0.0259 (17)0.5
H7A0.597 (3)0.578 (3)0.055 (4)0.037 (16)*0.5
H7B0.531 (2)0.604 (3)0.133 (6)0.038 (16)*0.5
N7A0.5747 (10)0.5256 (10)0.3488 (11)0.0199 (17)0.5
H7AA0.532 (2)0.549 (3)0.361 (6)0.033 (17)*0.5
H7AB0.593 (2)0.494 (2)0.407 (4)0.011 (11)*0.5
C1'0.87645 (10)0.70731 (10)0.30064 (18)0.0166 (3)
H1'0.8922 (13)0.7528 (14)0.290 (2)0.016 (6)*
C20.88180 (10)0.74798 (10)0.52988 (18)0.0164 (3)
C2'0.93586 (11)0.65280 (11)0.26815 (19)0.0206 (4)
H2'A0.97350.67470.21160.025*
H2'B0.95860.63410.34980.025*
C3'0.89591 (10)0.59331 (10)0.19471 (19)0.0168 (3)
H3'0.8762 (13)0.5614 (14)0.255 (2)0.018 (6)*
C40.81153 (10)0.68706 (10)0.70369 (17)0.0154 (3)
C4'0.83606 (10)0.63509 (10)0.12478 (17)0.0163 (3)
H4'0.85570.65690.04190.020*
C50.77850 (11)0.64287 (11)0.60195 (19)0.0204 (4)
C5'0.76867 (12)0.59301 (11)0.09211 (19)0.0211 (4)
H5'A0.72980.62620.06400.025*
H5'B0.77840.55890.01890.025*
C60.79969 (11)0.65210 (10)0.47609 (19)0.0198 (4)
H60.77900.62240.40970.024*
C6'0.60339 (12)0.53904 (11)0.23020 (18)0.0207 (4)
C70.72211 (16)0.58965 (16)0.6417 (2)0.0416 (7)
H7C0.74220.55620.70700.062*
H7D0.70610.56270.56380.062*
H7E0.68100.61520.68050.062*
U11U22U33U12U13U23
P10.0215 (2)0.0144 (2)0.01346 (19)−0.00265 (18)−0.00230 (17)−0.00192 (16)
O20.0285 (8)0.0300 (8)0.0157 (6)−0.0136 (6)−0.0020 (6)0.0018 (6)
O2S0.024 (3)0.033 (3)0.015 (2)0.017 (2)0.0025 (18)−0.0010 (17)
O40.0261 (7)0.0193 (6)0.0127 (6)0.0011 (5)0.0019 (5)−0.0005 (5)
O4'0.0213 (6)0.0177 (6)0.0125 (5)0.0009 (5)−0.0039 (5)−0.0014 (5)
O50.0287 (8)0.0212 (7)0.0189 (6)−0.0021 (6)0.0005 (6)−0.0088 (5)
O5'0.0289 (8)0.0269 (7)0.0143 (6)−0.0122 (6)−0.0027 (6)0.0011 (6)
O60.0348 (8)0.0200 (7)0.0223 (7)−0.0033 (6)−0.0079 (6)0.0049 (5)
O70.026 (2)0.033 (5)0.018 (2)0.008 (3)−0.0044 (19)0.0120 (19)
O7A0.041 (5)0.031 (3)0.019 (2)0.012 (3)0.007 (3)0.000 (2)
N10.0213 (7)0.0161 (7)0.0095 (6)−0.0030 (6)−0.0009 (6)−0.0001 (5)
N1S0.0175 (6)0.0175 (6)0.0119 (9)−0.0014 (8)0.0005 (6)0.0005 (6)
N2S0.025 (4)0.018 (2)0.042 (6)0.006 (2)−0.015 (4)−0.008 (3)
N30.0190 (8)0.0190 (8)0.0110 (6)−0.0029 (6)−0.0028 (6)−0.0001 (6)
N40.0264 (9)0.0184 (8)0.0239 (8)−0.0024 (7)0.0071 (7)−0.0026 (7)
N50.0293 (9)0.0229 (9)0.0276 (9)−0.0021 (7)0.0081 (8)−0.0030 (7)
N60.0528 (14)0.0334 (11)0.0529 (14)−0.0122 (10)0.0144 (12)−0.0194 (11)
N70.016 (3)0.039 (3)0.023 (3)−0.002 (2)−0.0084 (18)0.008 (3)
N7A0.022 (3)0.028 (5)0.009 (2)0.009 (3)0.005 (2)0.006 (2)
C1'0.0214 (8)0.0183 (8)0.0101 (7)−0.0043 (7)0.0002 (6)−0.0005 (6)
C20.0182 (8)0.0173 (8)0.0138 (8)−0.0007 (7)−0.0025 (7)0.0002 (7)
C2'0.0184 (9)0.0276 (10)0.0158 (8)−0.0021 (7)−0.0014 (7)−0.0026 (7)
C3'0.0189 (8)0.0182 (8)0.0132 (7)−0.0005 (7)0.0022 (7)0.0014 (7)
C40.0171 (8)0.0142 (7)0.0148 (7)0.0017 (7)−0.0009 (7)0.0002 (6)
C4'0.0227 (9)0.0156 (8)0.0107 (7)−0.0021 (7)−0.0011 (7)−0.0001 (6)
C50.0241 (10)0.0205 (9)0.0165 (8)−0.0068 (8)0.0012 (7)−0.0017 (7)
C5'0.0260 (10)0.0251 (10)0.0123 (7)−0.0080 (8)−0.0019 (7)0.0012 (7)
C60.0226 (9)0.0186 (9)0.0182 (9)−0.0066 (7)0.0015 (7)−0.0037 (7)
C6'0.0277 (10)0.0203 (9)0.0140 (8)−0.0016 (7)−0.0016 (7)−0.0009 (7)
C70.0536 (16)0.0472 (15)0.0242 (11)−0.0338 (13)0.0121 (11)−0.0092 (11)
P1—O51.4936 (14)N4—C3'1.480 (3)
P1—O5'1.5991 (14)N5—N61.130 (3)
P1—O61.4916 (15)N7—H7A0.91 (3)
P1—C6'1.851 (2)N7—H7B0.92 (3)
O2—C21.227 (2)N7—C6'1.333 (6)
O2S—H2SA0.874 (19)N7A—H7AA0.90 (3)
O2S—H2SB0.93 (2)N7A—H7AB0.91 (3)
O4—C41.231 (2)N7A—C6'1.336 (5)
O4'—C1'1.416 (2)C1'—H1'0.90 (3)
O4'—C4'1.444 (2)C1'—C2'1.532 (3)
O5'—C5'1.442 (2)C2'—H2'A0.9900
O7—C6'1.241 (6)C2'—H2'B0.9900
O7A—C6'1.234 (5)C2'—C3'1.523 (3)
N1—C1'1.480 (2)C3'—H3'0.92 (2)
N1—C21.375 (2)C3'—C4'1.528 (3)
N1—C61.384 (2)C4—C51.452 (3)
N1S—H1SA0.85 (2)C4'—H4'1.0000
N1S—H1SB0.94 (3)C4'—C5'1.511 (3)
N2S—H2SA0.93 (2)C5—C61.343 (3)
N2S—H2SC0.94 (3)C5—C71.494 (3)
N2S—H2SB0.95 (2)C5'—H5'A0.9900
N2S—H2SD0.95 (3)C5'—H5'B0.9900
N3—H30.90 (3)C6—H60.9500
N3—C21.375 (2)C7—H7C0.9800
N3—C41.383 (2)C7—H7D0.9800
N4—N51.239 (2)C7—H7E0.9800
O5—P1—O5'110.99 (8)C3'—C2'—C1'103.47 (15)
O5—P1—C6'108.53 (9)C3'—C2'—H2'A111.1
O5'—P1—C6'102.01 (9)C3'—C2'—H2'B111.1
O6—P1—O5119.94 (9)N4—C3'—C2'109.21 (16)
O6—P1—O5'106.13 (8)N4—C3'—H3'112.6 (15)
O6—P1—C6'107.73 (9)N4—C3'—C4'112.67 (15)
H2SA—O2S—H2SB109 (3)C2'—C3'—H3'109.6 (15)
C1'—O4'—C4'110.47 (14)C2'—C3'—C4'102.23 (15)
C5'—O5'—P1122.76 (12)C4'—C3'—H3'109.9 (15)
C2—N1—C1'117.39 (15)O4—C4—N3120.38 (17)
C2—N1—C6121.29 (16)O4—C4—C5124.32 (17)
C6—N1—C1'121.17 (15)N3—C4—C5115.30 (16)
H1SA—N1S—H1SB113 (2)O4'—C4'—C3'104.29 (14)
H2SA—N2S—H2SC113 (4)O4'—C4'—H4'109.2
H2SA—N2S—H2SB103 (3)O4'—C4'—C5'108.68 (16)
H2SA—N2S—H2SD113 (4)C3'—C4'—H4'109.2
H2SC—N2S—H2SB122 (4)C5'—C4'—C3'116.14 (16)
H2SC—N2S—H2SD103 (5)C5'—C4'—H4'109.2
H2SB—N2S—H2SD101 (4)C4—C5—C7118.58 (17)
C2—N3—H3114.9 (18)C6—C5—C4118.44 (18)
C2—N3—C4126.57 (16)C6—C5—C7122.99 (18)
C4—N3—H3118.3 (18)O5'—C5'—C4'108.18 (15)
N5—N4—C3'115.73 (17)O5'—C5'—H5'A110.1
N6—N5—N4171.6 (2)O5'—C5'—H5'B110.1
H7A—N7—H7B113 (5)C4'—C5'—H5'A110.1
C6'—N7—H7A116 (4)C4'—C5'—H5'B110.1
C6'—N7—H7B130 (4)H5'A—C5'—H5'B108.4
H7AA—N7A—H7AB124 (5)N1—C6—H6118.5
C6'—N7A—H7AA112 (4)C5—C6—N1123.00 (17)
C6'—N7A—H7AB124 (3)C5—C6—H6118.5
O4'—C1'—N1107.70 (14)O7—C6'—P1121.9 (6)
O4'—C1'—H1'111.8 (15)O7—C6'—N7116.4 (11)
O4'—C1'—C2'107.03 (15)O7A—C6'—P1117.2 (6)
N1—C1'—H1'105.5 (16)O7A—C6'—N7A130.6 (9)
N1—C1'—C2'113.71 (15)N7—C6'—P1121.6 (8)
C2'—C1'—H1'111.1 (15)N7A—C6'—P1111.9 (7)
O2—C2—N1123.25 (17)C5—C7—H7C109.5
O2—C2—N3121.39 (17)C5—C7—H7D109.5
N3—C2—N1115.35 (16)C5—C7—H7E109.5
C1'—C2'—H2'A111.1H7C—C7—H7D109.5
C1'—C2'—H2'B111.1H7C—C7—H7E109.5
H2'A—C2'—H2'B109.0H7D—C7—H7E109.5
P1—O5'—C5'—C4'−165.61 (14)C1'—O4'—C4'—C3'24.84 (18)
O4—C4—C5—C6−177.9 (2)C1'—O4'—C4'—C5'149.32 (15)
O4—C4—C5—C72.6 (3)C1'—N1—C2—O26.0 (3)
O4'—C1'—C2'—C3'−18.00 (19)C1'—N1—C2—N3−173.72 (16)
O4'—C4'—C5'—O5'−68.8 (2)C1'—N1—C6—C5174.96 (19)
O5—P1—O5'—C5'25.85 (19)C1'—C2'—C3'—N4151.29 (15)
O5—P1—C6'—O7139.4 (11)C1'—C2'—C3'—C4'31.75 (18)
O5—P1—C6'—O7A−52.1 (6)C2—N1—C1'—O4'−147.75 (16)
O5—P1—C6'—N7−38.8 (8)C2—N1—C1'—C2'93.8 (2)
O5—P1—C6'—N7A132.9 (11)C2—N1—C6—C5−0.5 (3)
O5'—P1—C6'—O7−103.3 (11)C2—N3—C4—O4179.38 (18)
O5'—P1—C6'—O7A65.2 (6)C2—N3—C4—C5−0.6 (3)
O5'—P1—C6'—N778.4 (8)C2'—C3'—C4'—O4'−34.79 (18)
O5'—P1—C6'—N7A−109.8 (11)C2'—C3'—C4'—C5'−154.33 (16)
O6—P1—O5'—C5'157.72 (16)C3'—C4'—C5'—O5'48.3 (2)
O6—P1—C6'—O78.1 (11)C4—N3—C2—O2178.93 (18)
O6—P1—C6'—O7A176.6 (6)C4—N3—C2—N1−1.3 (3)
O6—P1—C6'—N7−170.1 (8)C4—C5—C6—N1−1.6 (3)
O6—P1—C6'—N7A1.6 (11)C4'—O4'—C1'—N1−126.92 (15)
N1—C1'—C2'—C3'100.81 (17)C4'—O4'—C1'—C2'−4.29 (19)
N3—C4—C5—C62.0 (3)C6—N1—C1'—O4'36.6 (2)
N3—C4—C5—C7−177.5 (2)C6—N1—C1'—C2'−81.8 (2)
N4—C3'—C4'—O4'−151.88 (15)C6—N1—C2—O2−178.36 (19)
N4—C3'—C4'—C5'88.6 (2)C6—N1—C2—N31.9 (3)
N5—N4—C3'—C2'164.58 (18)C6'—P1—O5'—C5'−89.59 (17)
N5—N4—C3'—C4'−82.6 (2)C7—C5—C6—N1177.9 (2)
D—H···AD—HH···AD···AD—H···A
N1S—H1SA···O4i0.85 (2)2.01 (2)2.8565 (19)173 (2)
N1S—H1SB···O60.94 (3)1.86 (3)2.780 (2)168 (2)
N3—H3···O5ii0.90 (3)1.90 (3)2.781 (2)167 (3)
O2S—H2SA···O5iii0.87 (2)2.00 (2)2.868 (11)176 (3)
N2S—H2SA···O5iii0.93 (2)2.00 (2)2.857 (11)154 (3)
N2S—H2SC···O60.94 (3)2.21 (4)3.013 (12)143 (5)
N2S—H2SC···O70.94 (3)2.20 (5)2.901 (16)130 (5)
O2S—H2SB···O2iv0.93 (2)1.91 (2)2.822 (11)166 (3)
N2S—H2SB···O2iv0.95 (2)1.91 (2)2.818 (12)159 (3)
N2S—H2SD···O7v0.95 (3)1.99 (3)2.902 (16)162 (5)
N7—H7A···N7vi0.91 (3)1.93 (5)2.67 (3)136 (5)
N7—H7B···N2Svii0.92 (3)2.66 (6)3.265 (17)124 (5)
N7A—H7AA···O2Sv0.90 (3)2.00 (3)2.887 (18)167 (6)
N7A—H7AB···O2S0.91 (3)2.03 (3)2.856 (15)150 (4)
C1′—H1′···O6viii0.90 (3)2.53 (2)3.100 (2)122.3 (19)
C3′—H3′···N4iv0.92 (2)2.65 (2)3.274 (3)125.1 (19)
C4′—H4′···O4ix1.002.513.257 (2)131
C6—H6···O5′0.952.473.402 (2)168
  12 in total

Review 1.  Antiretroviral drugs.

Authors:  Erik De Clercq
Journal:  Curr Opin Pharmacol       Date:  2010-05-12       Impact factor: 5.547

Review 2.  [Anti-HIV nucleoside drugs: retrospective view at future].

Authors:  M K Kukhanova
Journal:  Mol Biol (Mosk)       Date:  2012 Nov-Dec

3.  Azidothymidine: crystal structure and possible functional role of the azido group.

Authors:  A Camerman; D Mastropaolo; N Camerman
Journal:  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A       Date:  1987-12       Impact factor: 11.205

4.  IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (JCBN). Abbreviations and symbols for the description of conformations of polynucleotide chains. Recommendations 1982.

Authors: 
Journal:  Eur J Biochem       Date:  1983-03-01

5.  X-ray analysis of 2',3'-lyxoanhydrothymidine, a conformationally restricted inhibitor of retroviral reverse transcriptases.

Authors:  G V Gurskaya; A V Bochkarev; A S Zdanov; A V Papchikhin; P P Purygin; A A Krayevsky
Journal:  FEBS Lett       Date:  1990-06-04       Impact factor: 4.124

Review 6.  Prodrugs and soft drugs.

Authors:  Andrzej Stańczak; Anna Ferra
Journal:  Pharmacol Rep       Date:  2006 Sep-Oct       Impact factor: 3.024

7.  5'-aminocarbonyl phosphonates as new zidovudine depot forms: antiviral properties, intracellular transformations, and pharmacokinetic parameters.

Authors:  Anastasia L Khandazhinskaya; Dmitry V Yanvarev; Maxim V Jasko; Alexander V Shipitsin; Vsevolod A Khalizev; Stanislav I Shram; Yuriy S Skoblov; Elena A Shirokova; Marina K Kukhanova
Journal:  Drug Metab Dispos       Date:  2008-12-23       Impact factor: 3.922

8.  Conformation and sandwiching of bases by azido groups in the crystal structure of 3'-azido-3'-deoxy-thymidine (AZT), an antiviral agent that inhibits HIV reverse transcriptase.

Authors:  R Parthasarathy; H Kim
Journal:  Biochem Biophys Res Commun       Date:  1988-04-15       Impact factor: 3.575

9.  Uncharged AZT and D4T derivatives of phosphonoformic and phosphonoacetic acids as anti-HIV pronucleosides.

Authors:  Elena A Shirokova; Maxim V Jasko; Anastasiya L Khandazhinskaya; Alexander V Ivanov; Dmitry V Yanvarev; Yury S Skoblov; Vladimir A Mitkevich; Eduard V Bocharov; Tatyana R Pronyaeva; Nina V Fedyuk; Marina K Kukhanova; Andrey G Pokrovsky
Journal:  J Med Chem       Date:  2004-07-01       Impact factor: 7.446

10.  Use of intensity quotients and differences in absolute structure refinement.

Authors:  Simon Parsons; Howard D Flack; Trixie Wagner
Journal:  Acta Crystallogr B Struct Sci Cryst Eng Mater       Date:  2013-05-17
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