Joscelyn N Hoffmann1, Hannah M You2, E C Hedberg3, Jeanne A Jordan4, Martha K McClintock5. 1. Institute for Mind and Biology, University of Chicago, Illinois. jnhoffma@uchicago.edu. 2. Institute for Mind and Biology, University of Chicago, Illinois. 3. Academic Research Centers and Education and Child Development Studies, NORC at the University of Chicago, Illinois. Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Tempe. 4. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, George Washington University, Washington, DC. 5. Institute for Mind and Biology, University of Chicago, Illinois. Departments of Psychology and Comparative Human Development, University of Chicago, Illinois.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To describe the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis (BV) and Candida among community-dwelling postmenopausal women in the United States and determine their change with age, using estimates based on Waves 1 and 2 of the National Social Life, Health and Aging Project (NSHAP). METHOD: Self-administered vaginal swabs were collected in-home from women aged 57-85 (n = 1,016) in Wave 1 and again 5 years later in Wave 2 (n = 883). Gram-stained specimens were evaluated for BV using the Nugent score as well as presence of Candida. RESULTS: BV was prevalent in 23% and 38% of postmenopausal women in Waves 1 and 2 and increased with age. Women initially categorized with BV in Wave 1 were more than 10 times as likely to be categorized with BV in Wave 2, relative risk ratio (RRR) = 10.5; 95% confidence interval (CI) (4.45-24.7); p < .001, whereas women initially categorized as intermediate in Wave 1 were five times more likely to have a BV categorization, RRR = 5.0; 95% CI (2.56-9.75); p < .001. Although the presence of Candida was similar in both waves (6% and 5%), its relationship with age only became evident in Wave 2, with odds of detecting Candida decreasing by 7% with each year of age, OR = 0.93, 95% CI (0.88, 0.98); p = .010. DISCUSSION: In Wave 2, the prevalence of BV was higher and increased with age while the prevalence of Candida was low and declined with age. A 5-year age increase contributed to the prevalence change across waves. Methods refinements in Wave 2 improved the detection of BV and Candida and clarified their relationship with age.
OBJECTIVES: To describe the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis (BV) and Candida among community-dwelling postmenopausal women in the United States and determine their change with age, using estimates based on Waves 1 and 2 of the National Social Life, Health and Aging Project (NSHAP). METHOD: Self-administered vaginal swabs were collected in-home from women aged 57-85 (n = 1,016) in Wave 1 and again 5 years later in Wave 2 (n = 883). Gram-stained specimens were evaluated for BV using the Nugent score as well as presence of Candida. RESULTS: BV was prevalent in 23% and 38% of postmenopausal women in Waves 1 and 2 and increased with age. Women initially categorized with BV in Wave 1 were more than 10 times as likely to be categorized with BV in Wave 2, relative risk ratio (RRR) = 10.5; 95% confidence interval (CI) (4.45-24.7); p < .001, whereas women initially categorized as intermediate in Wave 1 were five times more likely to have a BV categorization, RRR = 5.0; 95% CI (2.56-9.75); p < .001. Although the presence of Candida was similar in both waves (6% and 5%), its relationship with age only became evident in Wave 2, with odds of detecting Candida decreasing by 7% with each year of age, OR = 0.93, 95% CI (0.88, 0.98); p = .010. DISCUSSION: In Wave 2, the prevalence of BV was higher and increased with age while the prevalence of Candida was low and declined with age. A 5-year age increase contributed to the prevalence change across waves. Methods refinements in Wave 2 improved the detection of BV and Candida and clarified their relationship with age.
Authors: Stacy T Lindau; Joscelyn N Hoffmann; Katie Lundeen; Angela Jaszczak; Martha K McClintock; Jeanne A Jordan Journal: J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci Date: 2009-02-09 Impact factor: 4.077
Authors: J D Sobel; S Faro; R W Force; B Foxman; W J Ledger; P R Nyirjesy; B D Reed; P R Summers Journal: Am J Obstet Gynecol Date: 1998-02 Impact factor: 8.661
Authors: Mark A Klebanoff; Jane R Schwebke; Jun Zhang; Tonja R Nansel; Kai-Fun Yu; William W Andrews Journal: Obstet Gynecol Date: 2004-08 Impact factor: 7.661
Authors: Kate V Meriwether; Rebecca G Rogers; Ellen Craig; Sean D Peterson; Robert E Gutman; Cheryl B Iglesia Journal: Am J Obstet Gynecol Date: 2015-04-30 Impact factor: 8.661
Authors: Christel Chehoud; Daniel J Stieh; Aubrey G Bailey; Alice L Laughlin; Shannon A Allen; Kerrie L McCotter; Scott A Sherrill-Mix; Thomas J Hope; Frederic D Bushman Journal: AIDS Date: 2017-04-24 Impact factor: 4.177
Authors: Michele N Austin; Leslie A Meyn; Hilary A Avolia; Melinda A Petrina; Lisa A Cosentino; Calins Alphonse; Beatrice A Chen; Katherine Bunge; Lisa Noguchi; Richard Beigi; Kathleen Squires; Sharon L Hillier Journal: J Infect Dis Date: 2022-06-15 Impact factor: 7.759
Authors: McKenna C Eastment; Jennifer E Balkus; Barbra A Richardson; Sujatha Srinivasan; Joshua Kimani; Omu Anzala; Jane Schwebke; Tina L Fiedler; David N Fredricks; R Scott McClelland Journal: J Infect Dis Date: 2021-03-03 Impact factor: 5.226
Authors: Caroline M Mitchell; Sujatha Srinivasan; Nanxun Ma; Susan D Reed; Michael C Wu; Noah G Hoffman; Daniel J Valint; Sean Proll; Tina L Fiedler; Kathy J Agnew; Katherine A Guthrie; David N Fredricks Journal: J Infect Dis Date: 2021-06-15 Impact factor: 5.226