Arielle S Selya1, Nicole Updegrove2, Jennifer S Rose3, Lisa Dierker4, Xianming Tan5, Donald Hedeker6, Runze Li7, Robin J Mermelstein8. 1. Psychology Department, 207 High St., Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA. Electronic address: arielle.selya@med.und.edu. 2. Psychology Department, 207 High St., Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA. Electronic address: nupdegrove@wesleyan.edu. 3. Psychology Department, 207 High St., Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA. Electronic address: jrose01@selseyan.edu. 4. Psychology Department, 207 High St., Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA. Electronic address: ldierker@wesleyan.edu. 5. The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 2155 Guy St., 5th Floor, Montreal, Quebec H3H 2R9, Canada. Electronic address: xianming.tan@clinepi.mcgill.ca. 6. Institute for Health Research and Policy, 1747 West Roosevelt Road, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60608, USA. Electronic address: hedeker@uic.edu. 7. The Methodology Center, 204 E. Calder Way, Suite 400, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16801, USA; Department of Statistics, 323 Thomas Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA. Electronic address: rzli@psu.edu. 8. Institute for Health Research and Policy, 1747 West Roosevelt Road, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60608, USA. Electronic address: robinm@uic.edu.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Theories of nicotine addiction emphasize the initial role of positive reinforcement in the development of regular smoking behavior, and the role of negative reinforcement at later stages. These theories are tested here by examining the effects of amount smoked per smoking event on smoking-related mood changes, and how nicotine dependence (ND) moderates this effect. The current study examines these questions within a sample of light adolescent smokers drawn from the metropolitan Chicago area (N=151, 55.6% female, mean 17.7years). INSTRUMENTS: Ecological momentary assessment data were collected via handheld computers, and additional variables were drawn from a traditional questionnaire. METHODS: Effects of the amount smoked per event on changes in positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) after vs. before smoking were examined, while controlling for subject-averaged amount smoked, age, gender, and day of week. ND-varying effects were examined using varying effect models to elucidate their change across levels of ND. RESULTS: The effect of the amount smoked per event was significantly associated with an increase in PA among adolescents with low-to-moderate levels of ND, and was not significant at high ND. Conversely, the effect of the amount smoked was significantly associated with a decrease in NA only for adolescents with low levels of ND. CONCLUSIONS: These findings support the role of positive reinforcement in early stages of dependent smoking, but do not support the role of negative reinforcement beyond early stages of smoking. Other potential contributing factors to the relationship between smoking behavior and PA/NA change are discussed.
INTRODUCTION: Theories of nicotine addiction emphasize the initial role of positive reinforcement in the development of regular smoking behavior, and the role of negative reinforcement at later stages. These theories are tested here by examining the effects of amount smoked per smoking event on smoking-related mood changes, and how nicotine dependence (ND) moderates this effect. The current study examines these questions within a sample of light adolescent smokers drawn from the metropolitan Chicago area (N=151, 55.6% female, mean 17.7years). INSTRUMENTS: Ecological momentary assessment data were collected via handheld computers, and additional variables were drawn from a traditional questionnaire. METHODS: Effects of the amount smoked per event on changes in positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) after vs. before smoking were examined, while controlling for subject-averaged amount smoked, age, gender, and day of week. ND-varying effects were examined using varying effect models to elucidate their change across levels of ND. RESULTS: The effect of the amount smoked per event was significantly associated with an increase in PA among adolescents with low-to-moderate levels of ND, and was not significant at high ND. Conversely, the effect of the amount smoked was significantly associated with a decrease in NA only for adolescents with low levels of ND. CONCLUSIONS: These findings support the role of positive reinforcement in early stages of dependent smoking, but do not support the role of negative reinforcement beyond early stages of smoking. Other potential contributing factors to the relationship between smoking behavior and PA/NA change are discussed.
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