High-Temperature Sintering of Xenogeneic Bone Substitutes Leads to Increased Multinucleated Giant Cell Formation: In Vivo and Preliminary Clinical Results.

The present preclinical and clinical study assessed the inflammatory response to a high-temperature-treated xenogeneic material (Bego-Oss) and the effects of this material on the occurrence of multinucleated giant cells, implantation bed vascularization, and regenerative potential. After evaluation of the material characteristics via scanning electron microscopy, subcutaneous implantation in CD-1 mice was used to assess the inflammatory response to the material for up to 60 days. The clinical aspects of this study involved the use of human bone specimens 6 months after sinus augmentation. Established histologic and histomorphometric analysis methods were applied. After implantation, the material was well integrated into both species without any adverse reactions. Material-induced multinucleated giant cells were observed in both species and were associated with enhanced vascularization. These results revealed the high heat treatment led to an increase in the inflammatory tissue response to the biomaterial, and a combined increase in multinucleated giant cell formation. Further clarification of the differentiation of the multinucleated giant cells toward so-called osteoclast-like cells or foreign-body giant cells is needed to relate these cells to the physicochemical composition of the material.