Katherine Neubecker Bachmann1, Pouneh K Fazeli, Elizabeth A Lawson, Brian M Russell, Ariana D Riccio, Erinne Meenaghan, Anu V Gerweck, Kamryn Eddy, Tara Holmes, Mark Goldstein, Thomas Weigel, Seda Ebrahimi, Diane Mickley, Suzanne Gleysteen, Miriam A Bredella, Anne Klibanski, Karen K Miller. 1. Neuroendocrine Unit (K.N.B., P.K.F., E.A.L., A.K., K.K.M.), Departments of Psychiatry (K.E.) and Radiology (M.A.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, and Neuroendocrine Unit (B.M.R., A.D.R., E.M., A.V.G.), Clinical Research Center (T.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and Division of Adolescent Medicine (M.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital for Children and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; Klarman Center (T.W.), McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478; Cambridge Eating Disorders Center (S.E.), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138; Wilkins Center for Eating Disorders (D.M.), Greenwich, Connecticut 06831; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.G.) and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02446.
Abstract
CONTEXT: Data suggest that anorexia nervosa (AN) and obesity are complicated by elevated fracture risk, but skeletal site-specific data are lacking. Traditional bone mineral density (BMD) measurements are unsatisfactory at both weight extremes. Hip structural analysis (HSA) uses dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry data to estimate hip geometry and femoral strength. Factor of risk (φ) is the ratio of force applied to the hip from a fall with respect to femoral strength; higher values indicate higher hip fracture risk. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to investigate hip fracture risk in AN and overweight/obese women. DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study. SETTING: The study was conducted at a Clinical Research Center. PATIENTS: PATIENTS included 368 women (aged 19-45 y): 246 AN, 53 overweight/obese, and 69 lean controls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: HSA-derived femoral geometry, peak factor of risk for hip fracture, and factor of risk for hip fracture attenuated by trochanteric soft tissue (φ(attenuated)) were measured. RESULTS: Most HSA-derived parameters were impaired in AN and superior in obese/overweight women vs controls at the narrow neck, intertrochanteric, and femoral shaft (P ≤ .03). The φ(attenuated) was highest in AN and lowest in overweight/obese women (P < .0001). Lean mass was associated with superior, and duration of amenorrhea with inferior, HSA-derived parameters and φ(attenuated) (P < .05). Mean φ(attenuated) (P = .036), but not femoral neck BMD or HSA-estimated geometry, was impaired in women who had experienced fragility fractures. CONCLUSIONS: Femoral geometry by HSA, hip BMD, and factor of risk for hip fracture attenuated by soft tissue are impaired in AN and superior in obesity, suggesting higher and lower hip fracture risk, respectively. Only attenuated factor of risk was associated with fragility fracture prevalence, suggesting that variability in soft tissue padding may help explain site-specific fracture risk not captured by BMD.
CONTEXT: Data suggest that anorexia nervosa (AN) and obesity are complicated by elevated fracture risk, but skeletal site-specific data are lacking. Traditional bone mineral density (BMD) measurements are unsatisfactory at both weight extremes. Hip structural analysis (HSA) uses dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry data to estimate hip geometry and femoral strength. Factor of risk (φ) is the ratio of force applied to the hip from a fall with respect to femoral strength; higher values indicate higher hip fracture risk. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to investigate hip fracture risk in AN and overweight/obesewomen. DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study. SETTING: The study was conducted at a Clinical Research Center. PATIENTS: PATIENTS included 368 women (aged 19-45 y): 246 AN, 53 overweight/obese, and 69 lean controls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: HSA-derived femoral geometry, peak factor of risk for hip fracture, and factor of risk for hip fracture attenuated by trochanteric soft tissue (φ(attenuated)) were measured. RESULTS: Most HSA-derived parameters were impaired in AN and superior in obese/overweight women vs controls at the narrow neck, intertrochanteric, and femoral shaft (P ≤ .03). The φ(attenuated) was highest in AN and lowest in overweight/obesewomen (P < .0001). Lean mass was associated with superior, and duration of amenorrhea with inferior, HSA-derived parameters and φ(attenuated) (P < .05). Mean φ(attenuated) (P = .036), but not femoral neck BMD or HSA-estimated geometry, was impaired in women who had experienced fragility fractures. CONCLUSIONS: Femoral geometry by HSA, hip BMD, and factor of risk for hip fracture attenuated by soft tissue are impaired in AN and superior in obesity, suggesting higher and lower hip fracture risk, respectively. Only attenuated factor of risk was associated with fragility fracture prevalence, suggesting that variability in soft tissue padding may help explain site-specific fracture risk not captured by BMD.
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