Isolation and characterization of the human chorionic gonadotropin beta subunit (CG beta) gene cluster: regulation of transcriptionally active CG beta gene by cyclic AMP.

The alpha and beta subunit genes encoding chorionic gonadotropin (CG) are regulated transcriptionally in placental cells by cyclic AMP (cAMP). The regulatory response sequences of the alpha gene have been studied extensively. Similar studies of the CG beta subunit (CG beta) gene have not been possible because transcriptionally active sequences have not been identified in the clones isolated to date. The CG beta subunit genes form a complex cluster of seven structurally similar genes that include six CG beta-like genes and a single luteinizing hormone beta subunit (LH beta) gene. We isolated overlapping clones containing the entire CG beta/LH beta gene cluster (68 kilobases) from a human genomic cosmid library. The organization of the gene cluster was similar to that found in previous analyses, as determined by Southern blots of genomic DNA, but differed from some of the gene assignments, as determined by fragments cloned in lambda phage. The 5'-flanking sequence of the most active CG beta gene (CG beta 5) was linked to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) coding sequence for analyses of transient expression in different cell types. CG beta CAT was expressed preferentially in JEG-3 choriocarcinoma cells, and expression was markedly stimulated by treatment with 8-bromo-cAMP. Deletion mutagenesis of the CG beta 5'-flanking sequence revealed that multiple regions were required for maximal expression. The kinetics for cAMP stimulation of alpha CAT and CG beta CAT expression were different, suggesting that different pathways may be involved in cAMP-stimulated expression of the alpha and CG beta genes.