Kawkab Shishani1, Donelle Howell2, Sterling McPherson2, John Roll2. 1. Program of Excellence in the Addictions, College of Nursing, Washington State University, WA, USA. Electronic address: Kawkab.shishani@gmail.com. 2. Program of Excellence in the Addictions, College of Nursing, Washington State University, WA, USA.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate smoking behaviors and subjective and physiological effects of nicotine on young adult occasional waterpipe smokers. METHODS: This study utilized a repeated-measures design that included one repeated factor for condition (nicotine and non-nicotine). For each participant, the sequencing of the repeated factor was assigned using random allocation. The two nicotine conditions were nicotine (0.75 g) and non-nicotine (0 g placebo) tobacco. Over the course of two weeks, twenty-two participants completed subjective (Acute Subjective Effects of Nicotine) and physiological (blood pressure, heart rate, and CO level) measures. Additional measures (QSU and MNWS-R) were used to assess for withdrawal symptoms. SAMPLE: The participants (n=22) were young adults (23 ± 3.1years); 71% smoked waterpipe once a month in the past year and 29% smoked waterpipe 1-2 times per week. In addition, 60% reported sharing their waterpipe with friends while smoking. None of the participants reported using any other forms of tobacco products. RESULTS: Under the nicotine condition, participants tended to smoke longer (i.e. smoking duration, p=0.004), take more puffs (p=0.03), take shorter puffs (p=0.03), and inhale less volume with each puff (p=0.02). The repeated measures analysis of the factor headrush revealed an effect of the nicotine condition (F=9.69, p<0.001, partial η(2)=0.31) and time (F=8.17, p=0.02, partial η(2)=0.30). Heart rate increased significantly across the nicotine condition (F=7.92, p=0.01, partial η(2)=0.31) and over time (F=12.64, p=0.01, partial η(2)=0.41). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates how differences between nicotine and non-nicotine waterpipe smoking are associated with changes in smoking behaviors, experiencing a headrush and an increase in heart rate.
RCT Entities:
INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate smoking behaviors and subjective and physiological effects of nicotine on young adult occasional waterpipe smokers. METHODS: This study utilized a repeated-measures design that included one repeated factor for condition (nicotine and non-nicotine). For each participant, the sequencing of the repeated factor was assigned using random allocation. The two nicotine conditions were nicotine (0.75 g) and non-nicotine (0 g placebo) tobacco. Over the course of two weeks, twenty-two participants completed subjective (Acute Subjective Effects of Nicotine) and physiological (blood pressure, heart rate, and CO level) measures. Additional measures (QSU and MNWS-R) were used to assess for withdrawal symptoms. SAMPLE: The participants (n=22) were young adults (23 ± 3.1years); 71% smoked waterpipe once a month in the past year and 29% smoked waterpipe 1-2 times per week. In addition, 60% reported sharing their waterpipe with friends while smoking. None of the participants reported using any other forms of tobacco products. RESULTS: Under the nicotine condition, participants tended to smoke longer (i.e. smoking duration, p=0.004), take more puffs (p=0.03), take shorter puffs (p=0.03), and inhale less volume with each puff (p=0.02). The repeated measures analysis of the factor headrush revealed an effect of the nicotine condition (F=9.69, p<0.001, partial η(2)=0.31) and time (F=8.17, p=0.02, partial η(2)=0.30). Heart rate increased significantly across the nicotine condition (F=7.92, p=0.01, partial η(2)=0.31) and over time (F=12.64, p=0.01, partial η(2)=0.41). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates how differences between nicotine and non-nicotine waterpipe smoking are associated with changes in smoking behaviors, experiencing a headrush and an increase in heart rate.
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