Heber Odebrecht Vargas1, Sandra Odebrecht Vargas Nunes1, Décio Sabbatini Barbosa2, Mateus Mendonca Vargas3, Ariane Cestari3, Seetal Dodd4, Kamalesh Venugopal5, Michael Maes6, Michael Berk7. 1. Department of Psychiatry, Health Sciences Center, Londrina State University, University Hospital, Av. Robert Koch, 60, ZIP: 86035-380 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; Center of Approach and Treatment for Smokers, University Hospital, Londrina State University, Campus Universitário/Cx., Postal 6001/ZIP 86051-990 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil. 2. Department of Clinical Analysis and Toxicology, State University of Londrina, Health Sciences Center, Paraná, Brazil. 3. Center of Approach and Treatment for Smokers, University Hospital, Londrina State University, Campus Universitário/Cx., Postal 6001/ZIP 86051-990 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil. 4. Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Barwon Health and the Geelong Clinic, Swanston Centre, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia. 5. Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Barwon Health and the Geelong Clinic, Swanston Centre, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia. 6. Department of Psychiatry, Health Sciences Center, Londrina State University, University Hospital, Av. Robert Koch, 60, ZIP: 86035-380 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Barwon Health and the Geelong Clinic, Swanston Centre, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. Electronic address: dr.michaelmaes@hotmail.com. 7. Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Barwon Health and the Geelong Clinic, Swanston Centre, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia; The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Australia.
Abstract
AIMS: This study examined whether Castelli risk indexes 1 (total/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol) and 2 (low density lipoprotein (LDL)/HDL cholesterol) and other shared metabolic disorders might underpin the pathophysiology of the metabolic syndrome, major depression or bipolar disorder. MAIN METHODS: This cross-sectional study examined 92 major depressed, 49 bipolar depressed and 201 normal controls in whom the Castelli risk indexes 1 and 2 and key characteristics of the metabolic syndrome, i.e. waist/hip circumference, body mass index (BMI), systolic/diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin, glucose, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and homocysteine were assessed. KEY FINDINGS: Castelli risk indexes 1 and 2 were significantly higher in major depressed patients than in bipolar disorder patients and controls. There were no significant differences in waist or hip circumference, total and LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, plasma glucose, insulin, homocysteine and HbA1c between depression and bipolar patients and controls. Bipolar patients had a significantly higher BMI than major depressed patients and normal controls. SIGNIFICANCE: Major depression is accompanied by increased Castelli risk indexes 1 and 2, which may be risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Other key characteristics of the metabolic syndrome, either metabolic biomarkers or central obesity, are not necessarily specific to major depression or bipolar disorder.
AIMS: This study examined whether Castelli risk indexes 1 (total/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol) and 2 (low density lipoprotein (LDL)/HDL cholesterol) and other shared metabolic disorders might underpin the pathophysiology of the metabolic syndrome, major depression or bipolar disorder. MAIN METHODS: This cross-sectional study examined 92 major depressed, 49 bipolar depressed and 201 normal controls in whom the Castelli risk indexes 1 and 2 and key characteristics of the metabolic syndrome, i.e. waist/hip circumference, body mass index (BMI), systolic/diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin, glucose, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and homocysteine were assessed. KEY FINDINGS: Castelli risk indexes 1 and 2 were significantly higher in major depressedpatients than in bipolar disorderpatients and controls. There were no significant differences in waist or hip circumference, total and LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, plasma glucose, insulin, homocysteine and HbA1c between depression and bipolarpatients and controls. Bipolarpatients had a significantly higher BMI than major depressedpatients and normal controls. SIGNIFICANCE: Major depression is accompanied by increased Castelli risk indexes 1 and 2, which may be risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Other key characteristics of the metabolic syndrome, either metabolic biomarkers or central obesity, are not necessarily specific to major depression or bipolar disorder.
Authors: Antonio Barajas-Martínez; Elizabeth Ibarra-Coronado; Martha Patricia Sierra-Vargas; Ivette Cruz-Bautista; Paloma Almeda-Valdes; Carlos A Aguilar-Salinas; Ruben Fossion; Christopher R Stephens; Claudia Vargas-Domínguez; Octavio Gamaliel Atzatzi-Aguilar; Yazmín Debray-García; Rogelio García-Torrentera; Karen Bobadilla; María Augusta Naranjo Meneses; Dulce Abril Mena Orozco; César Ernesto Lam-Chung; Vania Martínez Garcés; Octavio A Lecona; Arlex O Marín-García; Alejandro Frank; Ana Leonor Rivera Journal: Front Physiol Date: 2021-01-12 Impact factor: 4.566