Md Soriful Islam1, William H Catherino, Olga Protic, Milijana Janjusevic, Peter Clarke Gray, Stefano Raffaele Giannubilo, Andrea Ciavattini, Pasquale Lamanna, Andrea Luigi Tranquilli, Felice Petraglia, Mario Castellucci, Pasquapina Ciarmela. 1. Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine (M.S.I., O.P., M.J., M.C., P.C.), Faculty of Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; Biotechnology and Microbiology Laboratory (M.S.I.), Department of Botany, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.H.C.), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814; Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology (P.C.G.), The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037; Departments of Clinical Science (S.R.G., A.C., A.L.T.) and Information Engineering (P.C.), Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit (P.L.), Profili Hospital, Fabriano, 60044 Italy; Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, Obstetrics, and Gynecology (F.P.), University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
Abstract
CONTEXT: Uterine leiomyomas are highly prevalent benign tumors of premenopausal women and the most common indication for hysterectomy. However, the exact etiology of this tumor is not fully understood. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to evaluate the role of activin-A and myostatin and their signaling pathways in human myometrial and leiomyoma cells. DESIGN: This was a laboratory study. SETTING: Myometrial and leiomyoma cells (primary and cell lines) were cultured in vitro. PATIENTS: The study included premenopausal women who were admitted to the hospital for myomectomy or hysterectomy. INTERVENTIONS: Primary myometrial and leiomyoma cells and/or cell lines were treated with activin-A (4 nM) and myostatin (4 nM) for different days of interval (to measure proliferation rate) or 30 minutes (to measure signaling molecules) or 48 hours to measure proliferating markers, extracellular matrix mRNA, and/or protein expression by real-time PCR, Western blot, and/or immunocytochemistry. RESULTS: We found that activin-A and myostatin significantly reduce cell proliferation in primary myometrial cells but not in leiomyoma cells as measured by a CyQUANT cell proliferation assay kit. Reduced expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and Ki-67 were also observed in myometrial cells in response to activin-A and myostatin treatment. Activin-A also significantly increased mRNA expression of fibronectin, collagen1A1, and versican in primary leiomyoma cells. Finally, we found that activin-A and myostatin activate Smad-2/3 signaling but do not affect ERK or p38 signaling in both myometrial and leiomyoma cells. CONCLUSIONS: This study results suggest that activin-A and myostatin can exert antiproliferative and/or fibrotic effects on these cell types via Smad-2/3 signaling.
CONTEXT: Uterine leiomyomas are highly prevalent benign tumors of premenopausal women and the most common indication for hysterectomy. However, the exact etiology of this tumor is not fully understood. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to evaluate the role of activin-A and myostatin and their signaling pathways in human myometrial and leiomyoma cells. DESIGN: This was a laboratory study. SETTING: Myometrial and leiomyoma cells (primary and cell lines) were cultured in vitro. PATIENTS: The study included premenopausal women who were admitted to the hospital for myomectomy or hysterectomy. INTERVENTIONS: Primary myometrial and leiomyoma cells and/or cell lines were treated with activin-A (4 nM) and myostatin (4 nM) for different days of interval (to measure proliferation rate) or 30 minutes (to measure signaling molecules) or 48 hours to measure proliferating markers, extracellular matrix mRNA, and/or protein expression by real-time PCR, Western blot, and/or immunocytochemistry. RESULTS: We found that activin-A and myostatin significantly reduce cell proliferation in primary myometrial cells but not in leiomyoma cells as measured by a CyQUANT cell proliferation assay kit. Reduced expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and Ki-67 were also observed in myometrial cells in response to activin-A and myostatin treatment. Activin-A also significantly increased mRNA expression of fibronectin, collagen1A1, and versican in primary leiomyoma cells. Finally, we found that activin-A and myostatin activate Smad-2/3 signaling but do not affect ERK or p38 signaling in both myometrial and leiomyoma cells. CONCLUSIONS: This study results suggest that activin-A and myostatin can exert antiproliferative and/or fibrotic effects on these cell types via Smad-2/3 signaling.
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