Fast volumetric phase-gradient imaging in thick samples.

Oblique back-illumination microscopy (OBM) provides high resolution, sub-surface phase-gradient images from arbitrarily thick samples. We present an image formation theory for OBM and demonstrate that OBM lends itself to volumetric imaging because of its capacity for optical sectioning. In particular, OBM can provide extended depth of field (EDOF) images from single exposures, by rapidly scanning the focal plane with an electrically tunable lens. These EDOF images can be further enhanced by deconvolution. We corroborate our theory with experimental volumetric images obtained from transparent bead samples and mouse cortical brain slices.