Iliana Magiati1, Xiang Wei Tay2, Patricia Howlin3. 1. Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore. Electronic address: psyim@nus.edu.sg. 2. Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore. 3. Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK; University of Sydney, Australia.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Although increasing numbers of children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are now entering adolescence and adulthood, there is limited research on outcomes post childhood. A systematic review of the existing literature was conducted. METHOD: PsycINFO, PubMed, MedLine and CINAHL were systematically searched using keywords related to ASD and adolescent and adult outcomes. Studies of individuals diagnosed with ASD in childhood and followed up into adulthood were identified and reviewed. Only studies with samples sizes >10, mean age at outcome >16 years and at least one previous assessment in childhood (<16 years) were included. RESULTS: Twenty-five studies meeting criteria were identified. Reported outcomes in adulthood were highly variable across studies. Although social functioning, cognitive ability and language skills remained relatively stable in some studies, others reported deterioration over time. Adaptive functioning tended to improve in most studies. Diagnosis of autism or ASD was generally stable, although severity of autism-related behavioural symptoms was often reported to improve. Childhood IQ and early language ability appeared to be the strongest predictors of later outcome, but few studies examined other early variables associated with adult functioning. DISCUSSION: Implications of the findings are discussed in relation to methodological challenges in longitudinal outcome research and future research directions.
BACKGROUND: Although increasing numbers of children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are now entering adolescence and adulthood, there is limited research on outcomes post childhood. A systematic review of the existing literature was conducted. METHOD: PsycINFO, PubMed, MedLine and CINAHL were systematically searched using keywords related to ASD and adolescent and adult outcomes. Studies of individuals diagnosed with ASD in childhood and followed up into adulthood were identified and reviewed. Only studies with samples sizes >10, mean age at outcome >16 years and at least one previous assessment in childhood (<16 years) were included. RESULTS: Twenty-five studies meeting criteria were identified. Reported outcomes in adulthood were highly variable across studies. Although social functioning, cognitive ability and language skills remained relatively stable in some studies, others reported deterioration over time. Adaptive functioning tended to improve in most studies. Diagnosis of autism or ASD was generally stable, although severity of autism-related behavioural symptoms was often reported to improve. Childhood IQ and early language ability appeared to be the strongest predictors of later outcome, but few studies examined other early variables associated with adult functioning. DISCUSSION: Implications of the findings are discussed in relation to methodological challenges in longitudinal outcome research and future research directions.
Authors: Lauren Bishop-Fitzpatrick; Arezoo Movaghar; Jan S Greenberg; David Page; Leann S DaWalt; Murray H Brilliant; Marsha R Mailick Journal: Autism Res Date: 2018-05-07 Impact factor: 5.216
Authors: Grace W Gengoux; Kari L Berquist; Emma Salzman; Salena Schapp; Jennifer M Phillips; Thomas W Frazier; Mendy B Minjarez; Antonio Y Hardan Journal: J Autism Dev Disord Date: 2015-09
Authors: B Di Rezze; E Duku; P Szatmari; J Volden; S Georgiades; L Zwaigenbaum; I M Smith; T Vaillancourt; T A Bennett; M Elsabbagh; A Thompson; W J Ungar; C Waddell Journal: J Autism Dev Disord Date: 2019-11