How did the Krummhörn elite males achieve above-average reproductive success?

The wealthy elite males of nineteenth-century Krummhörn (Ostfriesland, Germany) achieved an above-average reproductive success. Membership in the elite class was determined from a list of the 300 richest men in the Ostfriesland district compiled by authorities in 1812. The main components establishing the link between cultural success and reproductive success are1.differences in the number of offspring owing to differences both in time spent in fecund marriage (mating success) and in rate of reproduction;2.differences in the probabilities of one's adult offspring marrying locally vs. emigrating unmarried owing to differential ability to allocate resources that enhance the "social placement" of adult offspring; and3.differences in the probability of total reproductive failure (lineage extinction). Contrary to what might be expected, infant survivorship was lowest amongst the richest families. We conclude that to a great extent females' reproductive decisions contribute to the greater reproductive success of the elite males.