Genotype-by-environment interaction in genetic mapping of multiple quantitative trait loci.

The interval mapping method is widely used for the genetic mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTLs), though true resolution of quantitative variation into QTLs is hampered with this method. Separation of QTLs is troublesome, because single-QTL is models are fitted. Further, genotype-by-environment interaction, which is of great importance in many quantitative traits, can only be approached by separately analyzing the data collected in multiple environments. Here, we demonstrate for the first time a novel analytic approach (MQM mapping) that accommodates both the mapping of multiple QTLs and genotype-by-environment interaction. MQM mapping is compared to interval mapping in the mapping of QTLs for flowering time in Arabidopsis thaliana under various photoperiod and vernalization conditions.