Multi-environment QTL mapping in blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.) using mixed models.

The first genetic linkage map of blackcurrant, published by Brennan et al. (Euphytica 161:19-34, 2008), identified regions where quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for some important traits were located. The analysis was complicated by the fact that the mapping population was found to contain two subgroups, with segregation ratios consistent with these being crossed and selfed offspring. The QTL analysis was based on the trait mean over 3 years and focused on the crossed offspring. Here we proposed a mixed model multi-environment approach for this population. The 3 years are considered as three separate environments, the data from both the selfed and crossed offspring are combined and different residual terms are explored to model the correlation between the years. This permits tests for interactions between the QTLs, the year and the type of offspring (selfed or crossed). This is applied to re-analyse two important traits, anthocyanin concentration and budbreak. Several additional QTLs were identified, some affecting the trait in both the selfed and crossed offspring, others in just one.