Exclusion probabilities for pedigree testing farm animals.

Pedigree testing, using genetic markers, may be undertaken for a variety of situations, of which the classical paternity testing is only one. This has not always been made clear in the literature. Exclusion probabilities associated with various testing situations, including the use of autosomal or X-linked codominant marker systems with any number of alleles, are presented. These formulae can be used to determine the appropriate exclusion probability for the situation being investigated. One such situation is where sire groups of progeny are to be verified without knowledge of the dams' genotypes, in which case the classical paternity exclusion probability is too high, and if used may result in an optimistic declaration about the progeny that have not been excluded. On the other hand, if mating pairs are known then incorrect progeny can be excluded at a higher rate than suggested by paternity exclusion calculations. The formulae also assist in determining the usefulness of X-linked markers, particularly if the pedigree checks involve progeny of only one sex. A system of notation that is useful for the algebraic manipulation of genetic probabilities, including exclusion probabilities as presented here, is also given.