Maisie Pascual1, Jiayan Huang2, Maureen G Maguire2, Marjean Taylor Kulp3, Graham E Quinn4, Elise Ciner5, Lynn A Cyert6, Deborah Orel-Bixler7, Bruce Moore8, Gui-Shuang Ying9. 1. School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 2. Department of Ophthalmology, Scheine Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 3. College of Optometry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. 4. The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 5. Pennsylvania College of Optometry, Salus University, Elkins Park, Pennsylvania. 6. College of Optometry, Northeastern State University, Tahlequah, Oklahoma. 7. School of Optometry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California. 8. New England College of Optometry, Boston, Massachusetts. 9. Department of Ophthalmology, Scheine Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Electronic address: gsying@mail.med.upenn.edu.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate risk factors for unilateral amblyopia and for bilateral amblyopia in the Vision in Preschoolers (VIP) study. DESIGN: Multicenter, cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: Three- to 5-year-old Head Start preschoolers from 5 clinical centers, overrepresenting children with vision disorders. METHODS: All children underwent comprehensive eye examinations, including threshold visual acuity (VA), cover testing, and cycloplegic retinoscopy, performed by VIP-certified optometrists and ophthalmologists who were experienced in providing care to children. Monocular threshold VA was tested using a single-surround HOTV letter protocol without correction, and retested with full cycloplegic correction when retest criteria were met. Unilateral amblyopia was defined as an interocular difference in best-corrected VA of 2 lines or more. Bilateral amblyopia was defined as best-corrected VA in each eye worse than 20/50 for 3-year-olds and worse than 20/40 for 4- to 5-year-olds. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Risk of amblyopia was summarized by the odds ratios and their 95% confidence intervals estimated from logistic regression models. RESULTS: In this enriched sample of Head Start children (n = 3869), 296 children (7.7%) had unilateral amblyopia, and 144 children (3.7%) had bilateral amblyopia. Presence of strabismus (P<0.0001) and greater magnitude of significant refractive errors (myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and anisometropia; P<0.00001 for each) were associated independently with an increased risk of unilateral amblyopia. Presence of strabismus, hyperopia of 2.0 diopters (D) or more, astigmatism of 1.0 D or more, or anisometropia of 0.5 D or more were present in 91% of children with unilateral amblyopia. Greater magnitude of astigmatism (P<0.0001) and bilateral hyperopia (P<0.0001) were associated independently with increased risk of bilateral amblyopia. Bilateral hyperopia of 3.0 D or more or astigmatism of 1.0 D or more were present in 76% of children with bilateral amblyopia. CONCLUSIONS: Strabismus and significant refractive errors were risk factors for unilateral amblyopia. Bilateral astigmatism and bilateral hyperopia were risk factors for bilateral amblyopia. Despite differences in selection of the study population, these results validated the findings from the Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study and Baltimore Pediatric Eye Disease Study.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate risk factors for unilateral amblyopia and for bilateral amblyopia in the Vision in Preschoolers (VIP) study. DESIGN: Multicenter, cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: Three- to 5-year-old Head Start preschoolers from 5 clinical centers, overrepresenting children with vision disorders. METHODS: All children underwent comprehensive eye examinations, including threshold visual acuity (VA), cover testing, and cycloplegic retinoscopy, performed by VIP-certified optometrists and ophthalmologists who were experienced in providing care to children. Monocular threshold VA was tested using a single-surround HOTV letter protocol without correction, and retested with full cycloplegic correction when retest criteria were met. Unilateral amblyopia was defined as an interocular difference in best-corrected VA of 2 lines or more. Bilateral amblyopia was defined as best-corrected VA in each eye worse than 20/50 for 3-year-olds and worse than 20/40 for 4- to 5-year-olds. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Risk of amblyopia was summarized by the odds ratios and their 95% confidence intervals estimated from logistic regression models. RESULTS: In this enriched sample of Head Start children (n = 3869), 296 children (7.7%) had unilateral amblyopia, and 144 children (3.7%) had bilateral amblyopia. Presence of strabismus (P<0.0001) and greater magnitude of significant refractive errors (myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and anisometropia; P<0.00001 for each) were associated independently with an increased risk of unilateral amblyopia. Presence of strabismus, hyperopia of 2.0 diopters (D) or more, astigmatism of 1.0 D or more, or anisometropia of 0.5 D or more were present in 91% of children with unilateral amblyopia. Greater magnitude of astigmatism (P<0.0001) and bilateral hyperopia (P<0.0001) were associated independently with increased risk of bilateral amblyopia. Bilateral hyperopia of 3.0 D or more or astigmatism of 1.0 D or more were present in 76% of children with bilateral amblyopia. CONCLUSIONS: Strabismus and significant refractive errors were risk factors for unilateral amblyopia. Bilateral astigmatism and bilateral hyperopia were risk factors for bilateral amblyopia. Despite differences in selection of the study population, these results validated the findings from the Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study and Baltimore Pediatric Eye Disease Study.
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