Magdalena Cuenca-García1, Francisco B Ortega2, Jonatan R Ruiz2, Idoia Labayen3, Luis A Moreno4, Emma Patterson5, Germán Vicente-Rodríguez4, Marcela González-Gross6, Ascensión Marcos7, Angela Polito8, Yannis Manios9, Laurent Beghin10, Inge Huybrechts11, Acki Wästlund12, Anita Hurtig-Wennlöf13, Maria Hagströmer12, Dénes Molnár14, Kurt Widhalm15, Anthony Kafatos16, Stefaan De Henauw17, Manuel J Castillo18, Bernard Gutin19, Michael Sjöström12. 1. Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, Granada University, Granada, Spain. Electronic address: mmcuenca@ugr.es. 2. Promoting Fitness and Health Through Physical Activity Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Granada University, Granada, Spain; Unit for Preventive Nutrition, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden. 3. Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Basque Country University, Vitoria, Spain. 4. Growth, Exercise, Nutrition, and Development Research Group, Escuela Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud, Zaragoza University, Zaragoza, Spain. 5. Unit for Preventive Nutrition, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden; Division of Social Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Norrbacka, Sweden. 6. Nutrition, Exercise, and Healthy Lifestyle Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences-National Institute of Physical Activity, Madrid Technical University, Madrid, Spain. 7. Immunonutrition Research Group, Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain. 8. National Research Institute for Food and Nutrition, Rome, Italy. 9. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece. 10. Centre d'Investigation Clinique, CIC-PT-9301-Health and Medical Research National Institute-University Hospital, Lille, France; Unité INSERM U995 and Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France. 11. Dietary Exposure Assessment Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Department of Public Health, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. 12. Unit for Preventive Nutrition, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden. 13. Unit for Preventive Nutrition, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden; School of Health and Medical Sciences/Clinical Medicine, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden. 14. Department of Pediatrics, Pécs University, Pécs, Hungary. 15. Department of Pediatrics, Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria. 16. Department of Social Medicine, Preventive Medicine and Nutrition Clinic, School of Medicine, Crete University, Crete, Greece. 17. Department of Public Health, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. 18. Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, Granada University, Granada, Spain. 19. Department of Pediatrics, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To test whether youths who engage in vigorous physical activity are more likely to have lean bodies while ingesting relatively large amounts of energy. For this purpose, we studied the associations of both physical activity and adiposity with energy intake in adolescents. STUDY DESIGN: The study subjects were adolescents who participated in 1 of 2 cross-sectional studies, the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence (HELENA) study (n = 1450; mean age, 14.6 years) or the European Youth Heart Study (EYHS; n = 321; mean age, 15.6 years). Physical activity was measured by accelerometry, and energy intake was measured by 24-hour recall. In the HELENA study, body composition was assessed by 2 or more of the following methods: skinfold thickness, bioelectrical impedance analysis, plus dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry or air-displacement plethysmography in a subsample. In the EYHS, body composition was assessed by skinfold thickness. RESULTS: Fat mass was inversely associated with energy intake in both studies and using 4 different measurement methods (P ≤ .006). Overall, fat-free mass was positively associated with energy intake in both studies, yet the results were not consistent across measurement methods in the HELENA study. Vigorous physical activity in the HELENA study (P < .05) and moderate physical activity in the EYHS (P < .01) were positively associated with energy intake. Overall, results remained unchanged after adjustment for potential confounding factors, after mutual adjustment among the main exposures (physical activity and fat mass), and after the elimination of obese subjects, who might tend to underreport energy intake, from the analyses. CONCLUSION: Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that more physically active and leaner adolescents have higher energy intake than less active adolescents with larger amounts of fat mass.
OBJECTIVE: To test whether youths who engage in vigorous physical activity are more likely to have lean bodies while ingesting relatively large amounts of energy. For this purpose, we studied the associations of both physical activity and adiposity with energy intake in adolescents. STUDY DESIGN: The study subjects were adolescents who participated in 1 of 2 cross-sectional studies, the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence (HELENA) study (n = 1450; mean age, 14.6 years) or the European Youth Heart Study (EYHS; n = 321; mean age, 15.6 years). Physical activity was measured by accelerometry, and energy intake was measured by 24-hour recall. In the HELENA study, body composition was assessed by 2 or more of the following methods: skinfold thickness, bioelectrical impedance analysis, plus dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry or air-displacement plethysmography in a subsample. In the EYHS, body composition was assessed by skinfold thickness. RESULTS: Fat mass was inversely associated with energy intake in both studies and using 4 different measurement methods (P ≤ .006). Overall, fat-free mass was positively associated with energy intake in both studies, yet the results were not consistent across measurement methods in the HELENA study. Vigorous physical activity in the HELENA study (P < .05) and moderate physical activity in the EYHS (P < .01) were positively associated with energy intake. Overall, results remained unchanged after adjustment for potential confounding factors, after mutual adjustment among the main exposures (physical activity and fat mass), and after the elimination of obese subjects, who might tend to underreport energy intake, from the analyses. CONCLUSION: Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that more physically active and leaner adolescents have higher energy intake than less active adolescents with larger amounts of fat mass.
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