The effect of lipid monolayer in-plane rigidity on in vivo microbubble circulation persistence.

The goal of this study was to increase in vivo microbubble circulation persistence for applications in medical imaging and targeted drug delivery. Our approach was to investigate the effect of lipid monolayer in-plane rigidity to reduce the rate of microbubble dissolution, while holding constant the microbubble size, concentration and surface architecture. We first estimated the impact of acyl chain length of the main diacyl phosphatidylcholine (PC) lipid and inter-lipid distance on the cohesive surface energy and, based on these results, we hypothesized that microbubble stability and in vivo ultrasound contrast persistence would increase monotonically with increasing acyl chain length. We therefore measured microbubble in vitro stability to dilution with and without ultrasound exposure, as well as in vivo ultrasound contrast persistence. All measurements showed a sharp rise in stability between DPPC (C16:0) and DSPC (C18:0), which correlates to the wrinkling transition, signaling the onset of significant surface shear and gas permeation resistance, observed in prior single-bubble dissolution studies. Further evidence for the effect of the wrinkling transition came from an in vitro and in vivo stability comparison of microbubbles coated with pure DPPC with those of lung surfactant extract. Microbubble stability against dilution without ultrasound and in vivo ultrasound contrast persistence showed a monotonic increase with acyl chain length from DSPC to DBPC (C22:0). However, we also observed that stability dropped precipitously for all measurements on further increasing lipid acyl chain length from DBPC to DLiPC (C24:0). This result suggests that hydrophobic mismatch between the main PC lipid and the lipopolymer emulsifier, DSPE-PEG5000, may drive a less stable surface microstructure. Overall, these results support our general hypothesis of the role of in-plane rigidity for increasing the lifetime of microbubble circulation.