Activation of inspiratory muscles via spinal cord stimulation.

Diaphragm pacing is a clinically useful modality providing artificial ventilatory support in patients with ventilator dependent spinal cord injury. Since this technique is successful in providing full-time ventilatory support in only ~50% of patients, better methods are needed. In this paper, we review a novel method of inspiratory muscle activation involving the application of electrical stimulation applied to the ventral surface of the upper thoracic spinal cord at high stimulus frequencies (300 Hz). In an animal model, high frequency spinal cord stimulation (HF-SCS) results in synchronous activation of both the diaphragm and inspiratory intercostal muscles. Since this method results in an asynchronous pattern of EMG activity and mean peak firing frequencies similar to those observed during spontaneous breathing, HF-SCS is a more physiologic form of inspiratory muscle activation. Further, ventilation can be maintained on a long-term basis with repetitive stimulation at low stimulus amplitudes (<1 mA). These preliminary results suggest that HF-SCS holds promise as a more successful method of inspiratory muscle pacing.