BACKGROUND: Iron deficiency (ID) is an emerging problem in patients with chronic heart failure (HF) and can be a potential therapeutic target. However, not much is known about the prevalence, predictors, and prognosis of ID in patients with chronic HF. METHODS: In an international pooled cohort comprising 1,506 patients with chronic HF, we studied the clinical associates of ID and its prognostic consequences. RESULTS: Iron deficiency (defined as a ferritin level <100 μg/L or ferritin 100-299 μg/L with a transferrin saturation <20%) was present in 753 patients (50%). Anemic patients were more often iron deficient than nonanemic patients (61.2% vs 45.6%, P < .001). Other independent predictors of ID were higher New York Heart Association class, higher N-terminal pro-brain-type natriuretic peptide levels, lower mean corpuscular volume levels, and female sex (all P < .05). During follow-up (median 1.92 years, interquartile range 1.18-3.26 years), 440 patients died (29.2%). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed ID as a strong predictor for mortality (log rank χ(2) 10.2, P = .001). In multivariable hazard models, ID (but not anemia) remained a strong and independent predictor of mortality (hazard ratio 1.42, 95% confidence interval 1.14-1.77, P = .002). Finally, the presence of ID significantly enhanced risk classification and integrated discrimination improvement when added to a prediction model with established risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: Iron deficiency is common in patients with chronic HF, relates to disease severity, and is a strong and independent predictor of outcome. In this study, ID appears to have greater predictive power than anemia.
BACKGROUND:Iron deficiency (ID) is an emerging problem in patients with chronic heart failure (HF) and can be a potential therapeutic target. However, not much is known about the prevalence, predictors, and prognosis of ID in patients with chronic HF. METHODS: In an international pooled cohort comprising 1,506 patients with chronic HF, we studied the clinical associates of ID and its prognostic consequences. RESULTS:Iron deficiency (defined as a ferritin level <100 μg/L or ferritin 100-299 μg/L with a transferrin saturation <20%) was present in 753 patients (50%). Anemicpatients were more often iron deficient than nonanemic patients (61.2% vs 45.6%, P < .001). Other independent predictors of ID were higher New York Heart Association class, higher N-terminal pro-brain-type natriuretic peptide levels, lower mean corpuscular volume levels, and female sex (all P < .05). During follow-up (median 1.92 years, interquartile range 1.18-3.26 years), 440 patients died (29.2%). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed ID as a strong predictor for mortality (log rank χ(2) 10.2, P = .001). In multivariable hazard models, ID (but not anemia) remained a strong and independent predictor of mortality (hazard ratio 1.42, 95% confidence interval 1.14-1.77, P = .002). Finally, the presence of ID significantly enhanced risk classification and integrated discrimination improvement when added to a prediction model with established risk factors. CONCLUSIONS:Iron deficiency is common in patients with chronic HF, relates to disease severity, and is a strong and independent predictor of outcome. In this study, ID appears to have greater predictive power than anemia.
Authors: Robert J Mentz; Jacob P Kelly; Thomas G von Lueder; Adriaan A Voors; Carolyn S P Lam; Martin R Cowie; Keld Kjeldsen; Ewa A Jankowska; Dan Atar; Javed Butler; Mona Fiuzat; Faiez Zannad; Bertram Pitt; Christopher M O'Connor Journal: J Am Coll Cardiol Date: 2014-11-24 Impact factor: 24.094
Authors: Odilson M Silvestre; Alexandra Gonçalves; Wilson Nadruz; Brian Claggett; David Couper; John H Eckfeldt; James S Pankow; Stefan D Anker; Scott D Solomon Journal: Eur J Heart Fail Date: 2016-12-14 Impact factor: 15.534
Authors: Aslihan Yerlikaya; Mustafa C Bulbul; Baris Afsar; Tuncay Dagel; Gamze Aslan; Luminita Voroneanu; Dimitire Siriopol; Adrian Covic; Mehmet Kanbay Journal: Int Urol Nephrol Date: 2017-09-22 Impact factor: 2.370