Lucas N L Van Aelst1,2,3, Dominiek Mazure4, Alain Cohen-Solal5,6,7. 1. Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N1, Herestraat 49, box 911, 3000, Leuven, Belgium. 2. Department of Cardiology, Hôpital Lariboisière, 2 Rue Ambroise Paré, 75010, Paris, France. 3. U942 INSERM, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France. 4. Department of Hematology, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium. 5. Department of Cardiology, Hôpital Lariboisière, 2 Rue Ambroise Paré, 75010, Paris, France. alain.cohen-solal@inserm.fr. 6. U942 INSERM, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France. alain.cohen-solal@inserm.fr. 7. University Paris VII-Denis Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France. alain.cohen-solal@inserm.fr.
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Heart failure (HF) is a common, costly, disabling, and deadly clinical syndrome and often associated with one or several co-morbidities complicating its treatment or worsening its symptoms. During the last decade, iron deficiency (ID) got recognized as a frequent, debilitating yet easily treatable co-morbidity in HF. In this review, we focus on new evidence that emerged during the last 5 years and discuss the epidemiology, the causes, and the clinical consequences of ID in HF. RECENT FINDINGS: Apart from replenishing iron stores, intravenous iron improves patients' symptoms, perceived quality of life (QoL), exercise capacity, and hospitalization rates. These beneficial effects cannot be attributed to oral iron, as increased hepcidin levels, typical in inflammatory states such as HF, preclude resorption of iron from the gut. Intravenous iron is the only valid treatment option for ID in HF. However, there are several burning research questions and gaps in evidence remaining in this research field.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Heart failure (HF) is a common, costly, disabling, and deadly clinical syndrome and often associated with one or several co-morbidities complicating its treatment or worsening its symptoms. During the last decade, iron deficiency (ID) got recognized as a frequent, debilitating yet easily treatable co-morbidity in HF. In this review, we focus on new evidence that emerged during the last 5 years and discuss the epidemiology, the causes, and the clinical consequences of ID in HF. RECENT FINDINGS: Apart from replenishing iron stores, intravenous iron improves patients' symptoms, perceived quality of life (QoL), exercise capacity, and hospitalization rates. These beneficial effects cannot be attributed to oral iron, as increased hepcidin levels, typical in inflammatory states such as HF, preclude resorption of iron from the gut. Intravenous iron is the only valid treatment option for ID in HF. However, there are several burning research questions and gaps in evidence remaining in this research field.
Entities:
Keywords:
Anemia; Heart failure; Iron deficiency; Iron therapy; Prognosis
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