Comparison of the vertical distributions of Fukushima nuclear accident radiocesium in soil before and after the first rainy season, with physicochemical and mineralogical interpretations.

Effect of intense rainfall on the distribution of Fukushima-accident-derived (137)Cs in soil was examined. Inventories and vertical distributions of (137)Cs in soils were determined at 15 locations (including croplands, grasslands, and forests) in Fukushima city in the post-rainy season, approximately 4.5months after the accident, and were compared with those in the pre-rainy season determined in our former study. The (137)Cs inventory levels scarcely changed between points in time spanning the first rainy season after the accident. Moreover, the majority of (137)Cs remained stored in the aboveground vegetation and in the upper 5cm of soil layer at undisturbed locations in the post-rainy season. A more quantitative analysis with the characterization of the vertical profile of (137)Cs using the relaxation length confirmed that the vertical profile was almost unchanged at most locations. Accordingly, it is concluded that rainfall during the rainy season had a limited effect on (137)Cs distribution in the soil, indicating the very low mobility. Chemical extraction of (137)Cs from selected soil samples indicated that (137)Cs in the soil was barely water soluble, and even the fraction extracted with 1M ammonium acetate was only approximately 10%. This further supports the low mobility of (137)Cs in our soils. Soil mineralogical analyses, which included the identification of clay minerals, suggested that smectite and mica could lower the exchangeable fraction of (137)Cs. However, no direct relationship was obtained between mineral composition and (137)Cs retention in the upper soil layer. In contrast, positive correlations were observed between (137)Cs extractability and soil properties such as pH, organic matter content, finer-sized particle content, and cation-exchange capacity. These results suggest that the mineralogical effect on the firm fixation of (137)Cs on soil constituents may be masked by the non-specific adsorption offered by the physicochemical properties of the soils.