An enhanced computational platform for investigating the roles of regulatory RNA and for identifying functional RNA motifs.

BACKGROUND: Functional RNA molecules participate in numerous biological processes, ranging from gene regulation to protein synthesis. Analysis of functional RNA motifs and elements in RNA sequences can obtain useful information for deciphering RNA regulatory mechanisms. Our previous work, RegRNA, is widely used in the identification of regulatory motifs, and this work extends it by incorporating more comprehensive and updated data sources and analytical approaches into a new platform. METHODS AND
RESULTS: An integrated web-based system, RegRNA 2.0, has been developed for comprehensively identifying the functional RNA motifs and sites in an input RNA sequence. Numerous data sources and analytical approaches are integrated, and several types of functional RNA motifs and sites can be identified by RegRNA 2.0: (i) splicing donor/acceptor sites; (ii) splicing regulatory motifs; (iii) polyadenylation sites; (iv) ribosome binding sites; (v) rho-independent terminator; (vi) motifs in mRNA 5'-untranslated region (5'UTR) and 3'UTR; (vii) AU-rich elements; (viii) C-to-U editing sites; (ix) riboswitches; (x) RNA cis-regulatory elements; (xi) transcriptional regulatory motifs; (xii) user-defined motifs; (xiii) similar functional RNA sequences; (xiv) microRNA target sites; (xv) non-coding RNA hybridization sites; (xvi) long stems; (xvii) open reading frames; (xviii) related information of an RNA sequence. User can submit an RNA sequence and obtain the predictive results through RegRNA 2.0 web page.
CONCLUSIONS: RegRNA 2.0 is an easy to use web server for identifying regulatory RNA motifs and functional sites. Through its integrated user-friendly interface, user is capable of using various analytical approaches and observing results with graphical visualization conveniently. RegRNA 2.0 is now available at http://regrna2.mbc.nctu.edu.tw.

Background

Numerous functional RNA motifs have been identified as playing significant roles in many essential biological processes, including transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression, control of mRNA stability, alternative splicing, and transcription termination. The biological activities of functional RNA motifs usually rely on a combination of their primary sequences and specific secondary structures, which act as target sites of RNA-binding factors or directly interact with translation machinery [1]. For instance, riboswitches are metabolite-binding domain within a specific mRNA, and can regulate both transcription and translation by binding their corresponding targets [2,3].

Several databases were established for collecting functional RNA molecules [1,4-14]. UTRdb [1] is a database of 5' and 3' untranslated sequences of eukaryotic mRNAs. It provides specialized information including the presence of nucleotide sequence patterns already demonstrated by experimental analysis to have some functional roles, and these patterns have been collected into the UTRsite database. Rfam [4,5] is a database comprehensively collecting families of non-coding RNA (ncRNA) genes as well as cis-regulatory RNA elements. Each family is represented by a multiple sequence alignment of known and predicted representative members, and annotated with a consensus base-paired secondary structure. It facilitates the identification and classification of new members of known RNA families, and provides the glimpses of conservation of multiple ncRNA families across a wide taxonomic range. fRNAdb [6,7] is a database hosting a large collection of ncRNA sequence data from public non-coding databases, and provides related annotations, such as sequence ontology classification and source organisms. AEdb is a database for alternative exons and their properties from numerous species, and it forms the manually curated component of alternative splicing database (ASD) [8]. The data in AEdb is gathered from literature where these exons have been experimentally verified. The adenylate uridylate-rich elements (AREs or AU-rich element) mediate the rapid turnover of mRNA encoding proteins that regulate cellular growth and body response to exogenous agent such as microbes and environmental stimuli. ARED [9,10] is a human AU-rich element-containing mRNA database. A 13-bp ARE pattern was computationally derived using MEME, and five clusters were generated from ARE sequences. NONCODE [11,12] is an integrated knowledge database designed for analysis of ncRNAs. All ncRNAs in NONCODE were confirmed by consulting the references manually and more than 80% data are from experiments. microRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNA molecules, which are ~22 nt sequences, and participate in gene post-transcriptional regulation and degradation of mRNA by hybridizing to miRNA target sites. miRBase [13] is the central online repository for miRNA nomenclature, sequence data annotation and target prediction. It provides a range of data to facilitate studies of miRNA genomics. TRANSFAC [14] is a knowledge-base containing published data on eukaryotic transcription factors, their experimentally-proven binding site, and regulated genes.

Various approaches were developed for identifying functional RNA motifs or elements [15-26]. GeneSplicer [15] was developed for detecting splice sites in eukaryotic mRNA by combining several techniques, such as maximal dependence decomposition (MDD) and Markov model, that have already proven successful in characterizing the patterns around the donor and acceptor sites. polya_svm [16] was developed for predicting mRNA polyadenylation site using a Support Vector Machine (SVM) featuring 15 over-represented cis-regulatory elements in various regions surrounding. RBSfinder [17] is a probabilistic method to improve the accuracy of gene identification systems at finding precise translation start sites. TransTermHP [18] can rapidly and accurately detecting rho-independent transcription terminators. CURE [19] was developed for predicting C-to-U RNA editing site in plant mitochondria by incorporating both evolutionary and biochemical information. miRanda [20] was developed for finding genomic targets for miRNAs. RiboSW [21] is a systematic method for identifying 12 kinds of riboswitches based on RNA conserved functional sequences and conformations. PatSearch [22] was developed for searching specific combinations of oligonucleotide consensus sequences, secondary structure motifs and position-weight matrices (PWMs). ERPIN [23] is a practical approach for the automatic derivation of an RNA signature from a sequence alignment and secondary structure, and finding the occurrence in sequence databases. Several profiles have been constructed to search any input sequence for the presence of some RNA genes and elements on ERPIN web server. INFERNAL [24] is an implementation of a general stochastic context-free grammars (SCFG) based approach for RNA database searches and multiple alignment. It is used to annotate RNAs in genomes in conjunction with the Rfam families by covariance models, a special case of SCFGs designed for modeling RNA consensus sequence and structure. MATCH [25] is an approach for searching transcription factor binding sites with specific position-weight matrices (PWM). RNAMotif [26] is an RNA secondary structure definition and search algorithm, and commonly used for searching user-defined RNA motifs.

Analysis of functional RNA motifs and sites in RNA sequences can obtain useful information for deciphering RNA regulatory mechanisms. Our previous work, RegRNA [27], is widely used to identify regulatory motifs and miRNA target sites, and has been cited 50 times. However, various types of functional RNA motifs and identification approaches were continuously accumulated and developed in recent years. In order to comprehensively identify functional RNA motifs, a more complete and updated analysis platform is crucial.

This work presents an integrated web server, RegRNA 2.0, for identifying functional RNA motifs and sites in an input RNA sequence. Numerous data sources, such as Rfam [4], fRNAdb [6] and UTRsite [1], and identification approaches, such as GeneSplicer [15], RiboSW [21] and RBSfinder [17], were integrated in RegRNA 2.0, and other additional information, such as GC-content ratio and RNA accessibility, are also presented on the web page. User can submit an RNA sequence through our user-friendly interface, and obtain the predictive results with graphical visualization.

Methods

Data collection

The functional RNA motifs and sites supported in RegRNA 2.0 are categorized into several types: (i) splicing donor/acceptor sites; (ii) splicing regulatory motifs; (iii) polyadenylation sites; (iv) ribosome binding sites; (v) rho-independent terminator; (vi) motifs in mRNA 5'-untranslated region (5'UTR) and 3'-UTR; (vii) AU-rich elements; (viii) C-to-U editing sites; (ix) riboswitches; (x) RNA cis-regulatory elements; (xi) transcriptional regulatory motifs; (xii) user-defined motifs; (xiii) similar functional RNA sequences; (xiv) microRNA target sites; (xv) non-coding RNA hybridization sites; (xvi) long stems; (xvii) open reading frames; (xviii) related information of an RNA sequence.

The process flow of RegRNA 2.0 is depicted in Figure 1. Numerous functional RNA motifs and sites were collected from a variety of databases and websites including Rfam [4], ERPIN [23], RiboSW [21], UTRsite [1], AEdb [8], ARED [10], fRNAdb [7], NONCODE [11], miRBase [28] and TRANSFAC [14]. As shown in Table 1, different prediction models, sequences and patterns are incorporated into RegRNA 2.0. There are 209 covariance models (CMs) of Rfam cis-regulatory families, 11 profiles of ERPIN RNA elements, 12 descriptors of RiboSW riboswitches, 48 models of UTRsite motifs and 2,171 transcription factor binding matrices of TRNASFAC, 294 sequence patterns of AEdb splicing regulatory motifs, 5 sequence patterns of ARED AU-rich elements, 475,318 fRNAdb sequences whose length are less than 500 nt, 21,643 miRNA sequences of miRBase and 170,581 ncRNA sequences of NONCODE collected for identifying different functional RNA motifs and sites.

Figure 1

The process flow of RegRNA 2.0.

Table 1

Statistics of types of functional RNA motifs supported in RegRNA 2.0

Types of functional RNA motifs	Incorporated data	Incorporated approaches	Number of entries
Splicing sites		GeneSplicer [15]
Splicing regulatory motifs	AEdb [8]	RegRNA 2.0	294 splicing motifs
Polyadenylation Sites		polya_svm [16]
Ribosome binding site		RBSfinder [17]
Rho-independent terminator		TransTermHP [18]
UTR Motifs	UTRsite [1]	PatSearch [22]	48 UTRsite motifs
AU-rich element	ARED [10]	RegRNA 2.0	5 ARE patterns
RNA editing sites		CURE [19]
Riboswitches	RiboSW models	RiboSW [21]	12 riboswitches
RNA elements	ERPIN profiles	ERPIN [23]	11 RNA elements
RNA cis-regulatory elements	Rfam CMs [4]	INFERNAL [24]	209 Rfam cis-reg families
Long stem		einverted [30]
Known functional RNAs	fRNAdb [7]	BLAST [29]	475,318 fRNAdb sequences
miRNA target	miRBase [28]	miRanda [20]	21,643 miRNA sequences
ncRNA hybridization sites	NONCODE [11]	BLAST [29],RNAcofold [34]	170,581 ncRNA sequences
TRANSFAC motifs	TRANSFAC [14]	Match [25]	2,171 transcription factor binding matrices
User-defined motif		RNAMotif [26]
Open Reading Frame		RegRNA 2.0
GC-content ratio		RegRNA 2.0
RNA accessibility		RNAplfold [34]

Development of identification procedures

Numerous analytical approaches and data sources were integrated in RegRNA 2.0 (Table 1). GeneSplicer [15], polya_svm [16], RBSfinder [17], TransTermHP [18], CURE [19], RiboSW [21], and ERPIN [23], are incorporated for identifying splicing sites, polyadenylation sites, ribosome binding sites, Rho-independent terminator, C-to-U editing sites, riboswitches, and RNA elements, respectively. MATCH [25] is used with matrices collected in TRANSFAC [14] to provide the possibility to search for a variety of different transcription factor finding sites. PatSearch [22] and UTRsite models are integrated for indentifying UTR motifs. INFERNAL [24] and Rfam CMs are integrated for identifying cis-regulatory families. miRanda [20] and miRNA sequences of miRBase are integrated for identifying miRNA target sites. BLAST [29] and sequences of fRNAdb is integrated for finding similar functional RNA sequences. The einverted of EMBOSS package [30] is utilized for identifying long stems, which might be involved in mechanisms of gene regulatory processes [31-33]. For identifying putative RNA-RNA interaction sites, BLAST is used to find the complementary subsequence of input sequence against NONCODE database, and RNAcofold of Vienna RNA Package [34] is used to compute the free energy of hybridization sites. RNAMotif [26] is integrated for searching user-defined RNA motifs. In addition, RegRNA 2.0 is capable of predicting ORFs of the input RNA sequence. The default options are for resulting protein of at least 80 amino acids beginning with a start codon (AUG, GUG or UUG) and ending with a stop codon (UAA, UAG or UGA). The fully overlapped ORFs are not shown. Other related information, such as GC-content ratio and RNA accessibility, are also provided for the input RNA sequence. RNAplfold and RNAfold of Vienna RNA package [34] are used for predicting RNA accessibility and RNA secondary structure, respectively.

User interface

An integrated web-based system with user-friendly interface (Figure 2) was developed to facilitate user conveniently and comprehensively identifying functional RNA motifs and sites in an RNA sequence. User can submit a sequence by inputting a single sequence in FASTA format, or uploading a sequence file (Figure 2a), and the predictive results are presented via a graphical interface. User can decide which types of functional RNA motifs to be investigated by clicking the checkbox (Figure 2b). All parameters were set with default values, and user can alter the thresholds to fit their requirement. For instance, in predicting miRNA target sites, users can select the specie and adjust the minimum free energy (MFE) threshold and score threshold to filter miRNA targets of interest.

Figure 2

The RegRNA 2.0 web interface (a) input area (b) parameter setting (c) map view (d) table view (e) motif information (f) structure information (g) details.

RegRNA 2.0 provides an intuitive graphical visualization (map view, Figure 2c) and summarized information table (table view, Figure 2d) for predictive results. The graphic location maps are created for intuitively displaying the positions of predictive motifs. The top-most graph shows the predictive ORFs, and the following graphs shows the predictive functional RNA motifs or sites. User can see the brief introduction of a predictive motif, such as the name, the start/end positions and the binding factors, by moving the cursor on it, and a pop-up description will be shown on the screen directly (Figure 2e). Further analysis and additional information of a predictive motif, such as the predictive secondary structure and the corresponding RNALogo [35] graph, can be observed by clicking on the motifs of interest (Figure 2f). The details of predictive results can be obtained in summarized information table (Figure 2g).

Results

A case study of identification of purine riboswitch

The purine riboswitch is used as a case study to demonstrate the capability of RegRNA 2.0. Purine riboswitches, which are found in the 5'UTR of mRNAs act as cis-acting genetic regulatory elements composed of a metabolite-responsive aptamer domain in a specific secondary structure. It can regulate both transcription and translation by binding their corresponding targets. Additional file 1 illustrates a cartoon representation of the mechanism of genetic regulation by the guanine riboswitch [36]. In the presence high concentrations of guanine or hypoxanthine, ligand binding stabilizes the three-way junction structure, allowing the mRNA to form the terminator element (cyan). Without ligand binding, the 3'side of the P1 stem (green) and the 5'side of the terminator are used to form an antiterminator element, allowing transcription to continue.

An RNA sequence with the accession number of EMBL, X83878, was used as an input for RegRNA 2.0. There exist a purine riboswitch and an operon of two genes, B. subtilis xpt and pubX, in X83878 according to the annotations of Rfam and EMBL database. The total length of X83878 is 2413 bps, and the location of purine riboswitch is from position 168 to 276. The location of CDS regions of xpt and pubX are from position 357 to 941 and from position 938 to 2254, respectively.

Figure 3 shows the RegRNA 2.0 predictive results of the case study. The locations of two CDS regions were correctly predicted (Figure 3a), and the terminator of this operon was recognized by two RegRNA 2.0 identification procedures, TransTermHP and ERPIN (Figure 3b). The location of purine riboswitch was identified by three RegRNA 2.0 identification procedures, RiboSW, INFERNAL and BLAST fRNAdb (Figure 3c). A crucial RNA secondary structure, terminator, for purine riboswitch regulating gene activity was also predicted (Figure 3d), and the location of this terminator is close following the predictive purine riboswitch that corresponds to the mechanism of genetic regulation of the purine riboswitch [36]. In addition, the MFE secondary structure of predictive purine riboswitch regions shows the similar conformation to the RNALogo graph of Rfam purine family (Figure 3e). The results of case study show that RegRNA 2.0 is capable of identifying and displaying useful information in a given RNA sequence, and helpful for observing and deciphering RNA regulatory mechanisms.

Figure 3

The RegRNA 2.0 predictive results of an input sequence, X83878, which is annotated with an operon of two genes and a purine riboswitch in EMBL and Rfam, respectively. (a) predictive ORFs (b) terminator (c) purine riboswitch (d) terminator (e) predictive structure and RNALogo of purine family.

Discussions and conclusions

RegRNA 2.0 facilitates user to identify functional RNA motifs and sites in an RNA sequence. As compared with our previously work, RegRNA [27], RegRNA 2.0 incorporates more data sources and analytical approaches (Table 2). RegRNA 2.0 enables user to identify more types of functional RNA motifs and sites including polyadenylation sites, ribosome binding sites, rho-independent terminator, AU-rich elements, RNA editing sites, RNA cis-regulatory elements, similar functional RNA sequences, non-coding RNA hybridization sites, long stems, open reading frames and related information of an RNA sequence. Additionally, RegRNA 2.0 provides further analysis, such as RNA secondary structure, RNA accessibility and RNALogo graph, for the predictive results, and display results with intuitive graphical visualization.

Table 2

A comparison between RegRNA 2.0 and RegRNA

Features	RegRNA [27]	RegRNA 2.0
Polyadenylation sites	-	Yes (polya_svm)
Ribosome binding sites	-	Yes (RBSfinder)
Rho-independent terminator	-	Yes (TransTermHP)
RNA editing sites	-	Yes (CURE)
AU-rich elements	-	Yes (ARED)
RNA cis-elements	-	Yes (Rfam & ERPIN)
similar functional RNAs	-	Yes (BLAST+fRNAdb)
ncRNA hybridization region	-	Yes (BLAST+RNAcofold+NONCODE)
Open reading frame	-	Yes (RegRNA 2.0)
Motif region structure	-	Yes (RNAfold)
RNALogo displaying	-	Yes (RNALogo)
GC-content Ratio	-	Yes (RegRNA 2.0)
RNA accessibility	-	Yes (RNAplfold)
DNA motifs	Yes (TRANSFAC 7.4)	Yes & Updated (TRANSFAC 2012.1)
Splicing regulatory motifs	Yes (AEDB 278 motifs)	Yes & Updated (AEDB 294 motifs)
UTR motifs	Yes (UTRSite 40 motifs)	Yes & Updated (UTRSite 48 motifs)
Riboswitches	Yes (RNAMotif)	Yes & Updated (RiboSW & Rfam)
miRNA target sites	Yes (744 miRNAs)	Yes & Updated (miRBase 21,643 miRNAs)
Splicing sites	Yes	Yes (GeneSplicer)
Long stems	Yes	Yes (EMBOSS einverted)
User-defined Motifs	Yes	Yes (RNAMotif)

RegRNA 2.0 is an easy to use web server for comprehensively identifying regulatory RNA motifs and functional sites. It extends the widely used analysis platform, RegRNA [27], by taking more types of motifs and analytical approaches into consideration. RegRNA 2.0 is convenient to use programs without having to download the code and get the programs to run. Through its integrated user-friendly interface, user is capable of using various analytical approaches and observing results with graphical visualization conveniently. The platform will be enhanced by supporting input of multiple RNA sequences and providing conservation analysis in the future.

Availability and requirements

The RegRNA 2.0 system is freely available at http://regrna2.mbc.nctu.edu.tw.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors' contributions

JTH and HDH conceived and supervised the study. THC, HYH, JBKH and SLW were responsible for the design, computational analyses, implementation of the system, and drafting the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Declarations

The authors approved the submission of this paper to BMC Bioinformatics for publication. The payment of publishing charges to BioMed Central for this article was supported by National Science Council of the Republic of China, No. NSC 101-2311-B-009-003-MY3 and NSC 100-2627-B-009-002. This publishing charge was supported in part by the UST-UCSD International Center of Excellence in Advanced Bio-engineering sponsored by the Taiwan National Science Council I-RiCE Program under Grant Number: NSC 101-2911-I-009-101, and Veterans General Hospitals and University System of Taiwan (VGHUST) Joint Research Program under Grant Number: VGHUST101-G5-1-1. This publishing charge is also partially supported by MOE ATU.

This article has been published as part of BMC Bioinformatics Volume 14 Supplement 2, 2013: Selected articles from the Eleventh Asia Pacific Bioinformatics Conference (APBC 2013): Bioinformatics. The full contents of the supplement are available online at http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcbioinformatics/supplements/14/S2.

Additional file 1

A cartoon representation of the mechanism of genetic regulation by the guanine riboswitch [].

Click here for file