Strategies towards injectable, load-bearing materials for the intervertebral disc: a review and outlook.

Currently available treatments for the degenerated intervertebral disc present disadvantages, such as surgical invasiveness and inadequate load distribution results. Load-bearing, injectable materials may be interesting for future therapies, but have not been studied in depth. In this study, the existing literature was screened for studies on injectable materials for the intervertebral disc and a rationale for load-bearing, injectable materials was formulated. Requirements for such a material were discussed, partly based on the experience of materials used for similar applications. Important properties were discussed and found to include biocompatibility, bioactivity, porosity, handling, injectability, working time, setting time, radiopacity, containment and mechanical properties, where several of these properties are linked to one another. In conclusion, there is a need for consensus on the properties of new materials developed for use in minimally invasive procedures in the spine. A substantial amount of attention may need to be given to non-toxic setting reactions.