Roee Holtzer1, Cuiling Wang, Richard Lipton, Joe Verghese. 1. Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York 10461, USA. roee.holtzer@einstein.yu.edu
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate whether levels of cognitive reserve (CR), as measured using the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)-III vocabulary test, moderated longitudinal associations between cognitive functions and decline in gait speed in a community-based cohort of older adults without dementia, specifically, whether the protective effect of executive function (EF) and episodic memory against decline in gait speed would be greater in individuals with higher CR. DESIGN: Longitudinal (median number of repeated annual gait speed measures, 3; maximum number of visits, 7). SETTING: General community. PARTICIPANTS: Seven hundred thirty-one community-residing individuals aged 70 and older without dementia were followed longitudinally with cognitive and gait evaluations at baseline and at annual visits. MEASUREMENTS: Decline in gait speed (cm/s) served as the primary outcome. The Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test (FCSRT) was used to assess episodic memory. The Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) was used to assess attention and EF. The vocabulary test served as a marker for CR. RESULTS: Linear mixed effects model showed that gait speed declined over the follow-up period (P < .001). The significant three-way interactions of time by DSST by vocabulary (P = .01) and time by FCSRT by vocabulary (P = .02) revealed that levels of CR moderated the longitudinal associations between EF and episodic memory and gait speed decline. CONCLUSION: The protective effects of EF and episodic memory against gait speed decline in aging are greater in individuals with higher CR.
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate whether levels of cognitive reserve (CR), as measured using the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)-III vocabulary test, moderated longitudinal associations between cognitive functions and decline in gait speed in a community-based cohort of older adults without dementia, specifically, whether the protective effect of executive function (EF) and episodic memory against decline in gait speed would be greater in individuals with higher CR. DESIGN: Longitudinal (median number of repeated annual gait speed measures, 3; maximum number of visits, 7). SETTING: General community. PARTICIPANTS: Seven hundred thirty-one community-residing individuals aged 70 and older without dementia were followed longitudinally with cognitive and gait evaluations at baseline and at annual visits. MEASUREMENTS: Decline in gait speed (cm/s) served as the primary outcome. The Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test (FCSRT) was used to assess episodic memory. The Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) was used to assess attention and EF. The vocabulary test served as a marker for CR. RESULTS: Linear mixed effects model showed that gait speed declined over the follow-up period (P < .001). The significant three-way interactions of time by DSST by vocabulary (P = .01) and time by FCSRT by vocabulary (P = .02) revealed that levels of CR moderated the longitudinal associations between EF and episodic memory and gait speed decline. CONCLUSION: The protective effects of EF and episodic memory against gait speed decline in aging are greater in individuals with higher CR.
Authors: Caterina Rosano; Stephanie A Studenski; Howard J Aizenstein; Robert M Boudreau; William T Longstreth; Anne B Newman Journal: Age Ageing Date: 2011-09-28 Impact factor: 10.668
Authors: Joe Verghese; Jeannette Mahoney; Anne F Ambrose; Cuiling Wang; Roee Holtzer Journal: J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci Date: 2010-07-19 Impact factor: 6.053
Authors: Aron S Buchman; Patricia A Boyle; Sue E Leurgans; Lisa L Barnes; David A Bennett Journal: Am J Geriatr Psychiatry Date: 2011-06 Impact factor: 4.105
Authors: Archana Singh-Manoux; Michael G Marmot; Maria Glymour; Séverine Sabia; Mika Kivimäki; Aline Dugravot Journal: Ann Neurol Date: 2011-05-11 Impact factor: 10.422
Authors: Stephanie Studenski; Subashan Perera; Kushang Patel; Caterina Rosano; Kimberly Faulkner; Marco Inzitari; Jennifer Brach; Julie Chandler; Peggy Cawthon; Elizabeth Barrett Connor; Michael Nevitt; Marjolein Visser; Stephen Kritchevsky; Stefania Badinelli; Tamara Harris; Anne B Newman; Jane Cauley; Luigi Ferrucci; Jack Guralnik Journal: JAMA Date: 2011-01-05 Impact factor: 56.272
Authors: Anat Mirelman; Aner Weiss; Aron S Buchman; David A Bennett; Nir Giladi; Jefferey M Hausdorff Journal: J Am Geriatr Soc Date: 2014-03-17 Impact factor: 5.562
Authors: C Rosado-Artalejo; J A Carnicero; J Losa-Reyna; C Castillo; B Cobos-Antoranz; A Alfaro-Acha; L Rodríguez-Mañas; F J García-García Journal: J Nutr Health Aging Date: 2017 Impact factor: 4.075
Authors: Sunghye Kim; Anthony P Marsh; Lauren Rustowicz; Catherine Roach; Xiaoyan I Leng; Stephen B Kritchevsky; W Jack Rejeski; Leanne Groban Journal: Anesthesiology Date: 2016-04 Impact factor: 7.892