The diagnostic utility of exome sequencing in Joubert syndrome and related disorders.

Joubert syndrome (JS) and related disorders (JSRD) are autosomal recessive and X-linked disorders characterized by hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis with a characteristic 'molar tooth sign' on brain imaging and accompanying neurological symptoms including episodic hyperpnoea, abnormal eye movements, ataxia and intellectual disability. JSRD are clinically and genetically heterogeneous, and, to date, a total of 17 causative genes are known. We applied whole-exome sequencing (WES) to five JSRD families and found mutations in all: either CEP290, TMEM67 or INPP5E was mutated. Compared with conventional Sanger sequencing, WES appears to be advantageous with regard to speed and cost, supporting its potential utility in molecular diagnosis.