Generalized perceptual learning in the absence of sensory adaptation.

Repeated performance of visual tasks leads to long-lasting increased sensitivity to the trained stimulus, a phenomenon termed perceptual learning. A ubiquitous property of visual learning is specificity: performance improvement obtained during training applies only for the trained stimulus features, which are thought to be encoded in sensory brain regions [1-3]. However, recent results show performance decrements with an increasing number of trials within a training session [4, 5]. This selective sensitivity reduction is thought to arise due to sensory adaptation [5, 6]. Here we show, using the standard texture discrimination task [7], that location specificity is a consequence of sensory adaptation; that is, it results from selective reduced sensitivity due to repeated stimulation. Observers practiced the texture task with the target presented at a fixed location within a background texture. To remove adaptation, we added task-irrelevant ("dummy") trials with the texture oriented 45° relative to the target's orientation, known to counteract adaptation [8]. The results indicate location specificity with the standard paradigm, but complete generalization to a new location when adaptation is removed. We suggest that adaptation interferes with invariant pattern-discrimination learning by inducing network-dependent changes in local visual representations.