OBJECTIVE: This study examined the influence of illness phase on executive functioning performance using factor-derived cognitive scores in a cross-sectional design. METHODS: Healthy control (HC) subjects (n = 57), and euthymic (E-BD) (n = 117), depressed (D-BD) (n = 73), and hypomanic/mixed (HM/M-BD) (n = 26) patients with bipolar disorder (BD) were evaluated using executive functioning measures (Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Trail Making Test-Parts A and B, Verbal Fluency, Parametric Go/No-Go, Stroop, and Digit Symbol) comprising Conceptual Reasoning and Set-Shifting (CRSS), Processing Speed with Interference Resolution (PSIR), Verbal Fluency and Processing Speed (VFPS), and Inhibitory Control (IC) factor scores. RESULTS: Two of the four executive functioning factors were significantly different between groups based upon phase of illness. The HM/M group was significantly worse than both of the other BD groups and the HC group in IC. The VFPS factor was sensitive to the active phase of BD, with the HM/M-BD and D-BD groups worse than HC. Extending our prior work, the PSIR factor, and now the CRSS factor were significantly worse in BD relative to HC, irrespective of phase of illness. CONCLUSIONS: Phase of illness had differential cognitive profiles in executive functioning factors, even after considering and excluding the impact of clinical features, illness characteristics, medications, and demographics. Consolidating executive functioning tasks into reliable factor scores provides unique information to measure and define cognitive deficiencies throughout phases of BD, and to measure intermediate phenotypes in BD, and may aid in tracking and clarifying treatment focus.
OBJECTIVE: This study examined the influence of illness phase on executive functioning performance using factor-derived cognitive scores in a cross-sectional design. METHODS: Healthy control (HC) subjects (n = 57), and euthymic (E-BD) (n = 117), depressed (D-BD) (n = 73), and hypomanic/mixed (HM/M-BD) (n = 26) patients with bipolar disorder (BD) were evaluated using executive functioning measures (Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Trail Making Test-Parts A and B, Verbal Fluency, Parametric Go/No-Go, Stroop, and Digit Symbol) comprising Conceptual Reasoning and Set-Shifting (CRSS), Processing Speed with Interference Resolution (PSIR), Verbal Fluency and Processing Speed (VFPS), and Inhibitory Control (IC) factor scores. RESULTS: Two of the four executive functioning factors were significantly different between groups based upon phase of illness. The HM/M group was significantly worse than both of the other BD groups and the HC group in IC. The VFPS factor was sensitive to the active phase of BD, with the HM/M-BD and D-BD groups worse than HC. Extending our prior work, the PSIR factor, and now the CRSS factor were significantly worse in BD relative to HC, irrespective of phase of illness. CONCLUSIONS: Phase of illness had differential cognitive profiles in executive functioning factors, even after considering and excluding the impact of clinical features, illness characteristics, medications, and demographics. Consolidating executive functioning tasks into reliable factor scores provides unique information to measure and define cognitive deficiencies throughout phases of BD, and to measure intermediate phenotypes in BD, and may aid in tracking and clarifying treatment focus.
Authors: Anabel Martínez-Arán; Eduard Vieta; María Reinares; Francesc Colom; Carla Torrent; Jose Sánchez-Moreno; Antonio Benabarre; José Manuel Goikolea; Mercè Comes; Manel Salamero Journal: Am J Psychiatry Date: 2004-02 Impact factor: 18.112
Authors: Scott A Langenecker; Angela F Caveney; Bruno Giordani; Elizabeth A Young; Kristy A Nielson; Lisa J Rapport; Linas A Bieliauskas; Matthew J Mordhorst; Sheila Marcus; Naomi Yodkovik; Kevin Kerber; Stanley Berent; Jon-Kar Zubieta Journal: Psychiatry Res Date: 2007-04-19 Impact factor: 3.222
Authors: Natania A Crane; Alvaro Vergés; Masoud Kamali; Runa Bhaumik; Kelly A Ryan; David F Marshall; Erika F H Saunders; Michelle T Kassel; Anne L Weldon; Melvin G McInnis; Scott A Langenecker Journal: Assessment Date: 2018-02-06
Authors: Isabelle E Bauer; Austin Ouyang; Benson Mwangi; Marsal Sanches; Giovana B Zunta-Soares; Richard S E Keefe; Hao Huang; Jair C Soares Journal: J Psychiatr Res Date: 2015-02-07 Impact factor: 4.791
Authors: Amy T Peters; Rachel H Jacobs; Natania A Crane; Kelly A Ryan; Sara L Weisenbach; Olusola Ajilore; Melissa Lamar; Michelle T Kassel; Laura B Gabriel; Amy E West; Jon-Kar Zubieta; Scott A Langenecker Journal: Early Interv Psychiatry Date: 2015-07-14 Impact factor: 2.732
Authors: Kelly A Ryan; Erica L Dawson; Michelle T Kassel; Anne L Weldon; David F Marshall; Kortni K Meyers; Laura B Gabriel; Aaron C Vederman; Sara L Weisenbach; Melvin G McInnis; Jon-Kar Zubieta; Scott A Langenecker Journal: Brain Date: 2015-03-28 Impact factor: 13.501
Authors: Kelly A Ryan; Shervin Assari; Kaley Angers; David F Marshall; Kristin Hinrichs; Rebecca Easter; Pallavi Babu; Bethany D Pester; Scott A Langenecker; Melvin G McInnis Journal: Bipolar Disord Date: 2017-09-14 Impact factor: 6.744
Authors: J Volkert; M A Schiele; Julia Kazmaier; Friederike Glaser; K C Zierhut; J Kopf; S Kittel-Schneider; A Reif Journal: Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci Date: 2015-11-26 Impact factor: 5.270