The auditory periphery of the ferret. I: Directional response properties and the pattern of interaural level differences.

The transformations of sound by the auditory periphery of the ferret have been investigated using an impulse response technique for a large number of sound locations surrounding the animal. Individual frequencies were extracted from the detailed spectral transformation functions (STFs) obtained for each stimulus location and, using sophisticated spatial interpolation routines, were used to calculate the directional response of the periphery at that frequency. The strength of the directional response was directly related to the analysis frequency. Furthermore, as the analysis frequency was increased to 20 kHz, the orientation of the directional response increased in elevation from the horizon (E0 degrees) to about E30 degrees, while the azimuthal location remained fairly constant at 30 degrees to 40 degrees from the midline. For analysis frequencies above 20 kHz, the response became increasingly directional toward the ipsilateral interaural axis. The interaural level differences (ILDs) were also calculated for all animals studied. ILDs increased from around 5 to 25 dB over the range of frequencies from 3-24 kHz. The two-dimensional patterns of iso-ILD contours were roughly concentric and centered on the interaural axis for frequencies below 16 kHz. For higher frequencies, there was a tendency for the ILD contours to be centered on more anterior and inferior locations. The increased directionality of the auditory periphery with increasing analysis frequency, together with the presence of sharp nulls in the response at high analysis frequencies, is consistent with a diffractive effect produced by the aperture of the pinna. However, this simple model does not predict the directional responses over the low to middle frequency range.