Observing single cell NF-κB dynamics under stimulant concentration gradient.

Study of cell signaling often requires examination of the cellular dynamics under variation in the stimulant concentration. Such variation has typically been conducted by dispensing cell populations in a number of chambers or wells containing discrete concentrations. Such practice adds to the complexity associated with experimental or device design and requires substantial labor for implementation. Furthermore, there is also potential risk of missing important results due to the often arbitrary selection of discrete concentration values for testing. In this Letter, we study NF-κB activation and translocation at the single cell level using a microfluidic device that generates continuously varying concentration gradient. We use only three device settings to cover stimulant (interleukin-1β) concentrations of 4 orders of magnitude (0.001-10 ng/mL). Such device allows us to study temporal dynamics of NF-κB in single cells under different stimulant concentrations by real-time imaging. Interestingly, our results reveal that, while the percent of cells with NF-κB translocation decreases with lower stimulant concentration in the range of 0.1-0.001 ng/mL, the response time of such translocation remains constant, reflected by the single cell data.