OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to investigate the extent to which socioeconomic status (SES) in young adults is associated with cardiovascular risk factor levels and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and their changes over a 6-year follow-up period. METHODS AND RESULTS: The study population included 1813 subjects participating in the 21- and 27-year follow-ups of the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study (baseline age 24-39 years in 2001). At baseline, SES (indexed with education) was inversely associated with body mass index (P=0.0002), waist circumference (P<0.0001), glucose (P=0.01), and insulin (P=0.0009) concentrations; inversely associated with alcohol consumption (P=0.02) and cigarette smoking (P<0.0001); and directly associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (P=0.05) and physical activity (P=0.006). Higher SES was associated with a smaller 6-year increase in body mass index (P=0.001). Education level and IMT were not associated (P=0.58) at baseline, but an inverse association was observed at follow-up among men (P=0.004). This became nonsignificant after adjustment with conventional risk factors (P=0.11). In all subjects, higher education was associated with a smaller increase in IMT during the follow-up (P=0.002), and this association remained after adjustments for conventional risk factors (P=0.04). CONCLUSION: This study shows that high education in young adults is associated with favorable cardiovascular risk factor profile and 6-year change of risk factors. Most importantly, the progression of carotid atherosclerosis was slower among individuals with higher educational level.
OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to investigate the extent to which socioeconomic status (SES) in young adults is associated with cardiovascular risk factor levels and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and their changes over a 6-year follow-up period. METHODS AND RESULTS: The study population included 1813 subjects participating in the 21- and 27-year follow-ups of the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study (baseline age 24-39 years in 2001). At baseline, SES (indexed with education) was inversely associated with body mass index (P=0.0002), waist circumference (P<0.0001), glucose (P=0.01), and insulin (P=0.0009) concentrations; inversely associated with alcohol consumption (P=0.02) and cigarette smoking (P<0.0001); and directly associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (P=0.05) and physical activity (P=0.006). Higher SES was associated with a smaller 6-year increase in body mass index (P=0.001). Education level and IMT were not associated (P=0.58) at baseline, but an inverse association was observed at follow-up among men (P=0.004). This became nonsignificant after adjustment with conventional risk factors (P=0.11). In all subjects, higher education was associated with a smaller increase in IMT during the follow-up (P=0.002), and this association remained after adjustments for conventional risk factors (P=0.04). CONCLUSION: This study shows that high education in young adults is associated with favorable cardiovascular risk factor profile and 6-year change of risk factors. Most importantly, the progression of carotid atherosclerosis was slower among individuals with higher educational level.
Authors: Rebecca C Thurston; Samar R El Khoudary; Carol A Derby; Emma Barinas-Mitchell; Tené T Lewis; Candace K McClure; Karen A Matthews Journal: Stroke Date: 2014-02-27 Impact factor: 7.914
Authors: Kaori Fujishiro; Ana V Diez Roux; Paul Landsbergis; Joel D Kaufman; Claudia E Korcarz; James H Stein Journal: Occup Environ Med Date: 2014-09-12 Impact factor: 4.402
Authors: Mohammad H Forouzanfar; Andrew E Moran; Abraham D Flaxman; Gregory Roth; George A Mensah; Majid Ezzati; Mohsen Naghavi; Christopher J L Murray Journal: Glob Heart Date: 2012-12-05
Authors: Janet M Catov; Rhiannon Dodge; Emma Barinas-Mitchell; Kim Sutton-Tyrrell; Jose Miguel Yamal; Linda B Piller; Roberta B Ness Journal: J Womens Health (Larchmt) Date: 2013-09-14 Impact factor: 2.681
Authors: Emma Raitoharju; Ilkka Seppälä; Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen; Jorma Viikari; Mika Ala-Korpela; Pasi Soininen; Antti J Kangas; Melanie Waldenberger; Norman Klopp; Thomas Illig; Jaana Leiviskä; Britt-Marie Loo; Niku Oksala; Mika Kähönen; Nina Hutri-Kähönen; Reijo Laaksonen; Olli Raitakari; Terho Lehtimäki Journal: Sci Rep Date: 2016-12-05 Impact factor: 4.379
Authors: Robyn J Tapp; Alun D Hughes; Mika Kähönen; Tien Yin Wong; Nicholas Witt; Terho Lehtimäki; Nina Hutri-Kähönen; Pinki Sahota; Markus Juonala; Olli T Raitakari Journal: J Am Heart Assoc Date: 2018-01-06 Impact factor: 5.501
Authors: Christian Hakulinen; Laura Pulkki-Råback; Marko Elovainio; Laura D Kubzansky; Markus Jokela; Mirka Hintsanen; Markus Juonala; Mika Kivimäki; Kim Josefsson; Nina Hutri-Kähönen; Mika Kähönen; Jorma Viikari; Liisa Keltikangas-Järvinen; Olli T Raitakari Journal: Psychosom Med Date: 2016 Feb-Mar Impact factor: 4.312