Light exposure and cell viability in fluorescence microscopy.

Test systems for measuring cell viability in optical microscopy (based on colony formation ability or lysosomal integrity) were established and applied to native cells as well as to cells incubated with fluorescence markers or transfected with genes encoding for fluorescent proteins. Human glioblastoma and Chinese hamster ovary cells were irradiated by various light doses, and maximum doses where at least 90% of the cells survived were determined. These tolerable light doses were in the range between 25 J cm⁻² and about 300 J cm⁻² for native cells (corresponding to about 250-3000 s of solar irradiance and depending on the wavelength as well as on the mode of illumination, e.g. epi- or total internal reflection illumination) and decreased to values between 50 J cm⁻² and less than 1 J cm⁻² upon application of fluorescent markers, fluorescent proteins or photosensitizers. In high-resolution wide field or laser scanning microscopy of single cells, typically 10-20 individual cell layers needed for reconstruction of a 3D image could be recorded with tolerable dose values. Tolerable light doses were also maintained in fluorescence microscopy of larger 3D samples, e.g. cell spheroids exposed to structured illumination, but may be exceeded in super-resolution microscopy based on single molecule detection.