Detecting the dynamic linkage between landscape characteristics and water quality in a subtropical coastal watershed, Southeast China.

Geospatial analysis and statistical analysis are coupled in this study to determine the dynamic linkage between landscape characteristics and water quality for the years 1996, 2002, and 2007 in a subtropical coastal watershed of Southeast China. The landscape characteristics include Percent of Built (%BL), Percent of Agriculture, Percent of Natural, Patch Density and Shannon's Diversity Index (SHDI), with water quality expressed in terms of COD(Mn) and NH(4)(+)-N. The %BL was consistently positively correlated with NH(4)(+)-N and COD(Mn) at time three points. SHDI is significantly positively correlated with COD(Mn) in 2002. The relationship between NH(4)(+)-N, COD(Mn) and landscape variables in the wet precipitation year 2007 is stronger, with R(2) = 0.892, than that in the dry precipitation years 1996 and 2002, which had R(2) values of 0.712 and 0.455, respectively. Two empirical regression models constructed in this study proved more suitable for predicting COD(Mn) than for predicting NH(4)(+)-N concentration in the unmonitored watersheds that do not have wastewater treatment plants. The calibrated regression equations have a better predictive ability over space within the wet precipitation year of 2007 than over time during the dry precipitation years from 1996 to 2002. Results show clearly that climatic variability influences the linkage of water quality-landscape characteristics and the fit of empirical regression models.