| Literature DB >> 21754742 |
Muhammad Naeem Khan, M Nawaz Tahir, Misbahul Ain Khan, Munawar Ali Munawar, Abdul Qayyum Ather.
Abstract
In the title compound, C(15)H(14)O(2)S, the three fused rings are roughly coplanar, the largest deviation from the mean plane being 0.1285 (13) Å for the S atom. An intra-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bond generates an S6 ring. In the crystal, inter-molecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds form R(2) (2)(14), R(2) (2)(13) and R(3) (2)(17) ring motifs, building a layer parallel to (100).Entities:
Year: 2011 PMID: 21754742 PMCID: PMC3120616 DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811016291
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online ISSN: 1600-5368
| C20H18N2O5S | |
| Monoclinic, | Mo |
| Hall symbol: -C 2yc | Cell parameters from 1789 reflections |
| θ = 2.3–25.3° | |
| µ = 0.21 mm−1 | |
| β = 94.330 (3)° | Needle, yellow |
| 0.35 × 0.18 × 0.15 mm | |
| Bruker Kappa APEXII CCD diffractometer | 3314 independent reflections |
| Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube | 1776 reflections with |
| graphite | |
| Detector resolution: 8.10 pixels mm-1 | θmax = 25.0°, θmin = 2.3° |
| ω scans | |
| Absorption correction: multi-scan ( | |
| 13274 measured reflections |
| Refinement on | Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods |
| Least-squares matrix: full | Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map |
| Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites | |
| H-atom parameters constrained | |
| 3314 reflections | (Δ/σ)max = 0.001 |
| 269 parameters | Δρmax = 0.20 e Å−3 |
| 10 restraints | Δρmin = −0.18 e Å−3 |
| Geometry. All esds (except the esd in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell esds are taken into account individually in the estimation of esds in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between esds in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell esds is used for estimating esds involving l.s. planes. |
| Refinement. Refinement of |
| Occ. (<1) | |||||
| S1 | 0.10364 (6) | −0.08366 (11) | −0.04024 (2) | 0.0529 (3) | |
| O1 | 0.11162 (17) | 0.4807 (3) | −0.00428 (6) | 0.0604 (7) | |
| O2 | 0.3194 (2) | 0.3243 (3) | 0.21973 (6) | 0.0911 (9) | |
| C16A | 0.3217 (7) | 0.1867 (9) | 0.24963 (15) | 0.1062 (19) | 0.75 |
| H16A | 0.2563 | 0.1492 | 0.2540 | 0.127* | 0.75 |
| H16B | 0.3585 | 0.0834 | 0.2428 | 0.127* | 0.75 |
| C17A | 0.3688 (6) | 0.2726 (9) | 0.28278 (13) | 0.1062 (19) | 0.75 |
| H17A | 0.4333 | 0.3086 | 0.2780 | 0.159* | 0.75 |
| H17B | 0.3718 | 0.1901 | 0.3030 | 0.159* | 0.75 |
| H17C | 0.3318 | 0.3751 | 0.2890 | 0.159* | 0.75 |
| C16B | 0.2928 (14) | 0.259 (3) | 0.2569 (5) | 0.122 (7) | 0.25 |
| H16C | 0.2441 | 0.1659 | 0.2556 | 0.147* | 0.25 |
| H16D | 0.2762 | 0.3534 | 0.2736 | 0.147* | 0.25 |
| C17B | 0.3965 (14) | 0.192 (3) | 0.2636 (8) | 0.122 (7) | 0.25 |
| H17D | 0.4131 | 0.1221 | 0.2429 | 0.184* | 0.25 |
| H17E | 0.4019 | 0.1198 | 0.2855 | 0.184* | 0.25 |
| H17F | 0.4401 | 0.2912 | 0.2668 | 0.184* | 0.25 |
| O3 | 0.2852 (2) | 0.0944 (4) | 0.18250 (6) | 0.0853 (9) | |
| O4 | 0.40074 (19) | 0.5902 (3) | 0.18304 (7) | 0.0793 (8) | |
| C19A | 0.4388 (7) | 0.7695 (14) | 0.1889 (4) | 0.105 (3) | 0.53 |
| H19A | 0.4366 | 0.8060 | 0.2145 | 0.126* | 0.53 |
| H19B | 0.4031 | 0.8548 | 0.1730 | 0.126* | 0.53 |
| C20A | 0.5401 (7) | 0.7499 (13) | 0.1787 (3) | 0.105 (3) | 0.53 |
| H20A | 0.5726 | 0.6611 | 0.1941 | 0.157* | 0.53 |
| H20B | 0.5734 | 0.8614 | 0.1822 | 0.157* | 0.53 |
| H20C | 0.5399 | 0.7146 | 0.1533 | 0.157* | 0.53 |
| C19B | 0.4500 (8) | 0.7644 (17) | 0.1791 (5) | 0.108 (4) | 0.47 |
| H19C | 0.4098 | 0.8599 | 0.1874 | 0.130* | 0.47 |
| H19D | 0.4615 | 0.7854 | 0.1534 | 0.130* | 0.47 |
| C20B | 0.5450 (7) | 0.7572 (16) | 0.2024 (3) | 0.108 (4) | 0.47 |
| H20D | 0.5325 | 0.7451 | 0.2280 | 0.163* | 0.47 |
| H20E | 0.5808 | 0.8647 | 0.1990 | 0.163* | 0.47 |
| H20F | 0.5822 | 0.6571 | 0.1950 | 0.163* | 0.47 |
| O5 | 0.2939 (2) | 0.6807 (4) | 0.13788 (7) | 0.0874 (9) | |
| N1 | 0.0155 (2) | 0.0557 (4) | −0.09743 (7) | 0.0591 (8) | |
| N2 | 0.23819 (19) | 0.1593 (4) | 0.11064 (7) | 0.0544 (8) | |
| H2 | 0.2432 | 0.0765 | 0.1270 | 0.065* | |
| C1 | 0.1051 (2) | 0.3242 (5) | −0.01327 (8) | 0.0440 (8) | |
| C2 | 0.0601 (2) | 0.2734 (4) | −0.05003 (8) | 0.0446 (8) | |
| C3 | 0.0182 (2) | 0.4052 (5) | −0.07279 (9) | 0.0618 (10) | |
| H3 | 0.0195 | 0.5229 | −0.0649 | 0.074* | |
| C4 | −0.0251 (3) | 0.3623 (6) | −0.10695 (10) | 0.0737 (12) | |
| H4 | −0.0542 | 0.4491 | −0.1223 | 0.088* | |
| C5 | −0.0242 (3) | 0.1861 (6) | −0.11782 (9) | 0.0719 (11) | |
| H5 | −0.0533 | 0.1574 | −0.1410 | 0.086* | |
| C6 | 0.0558 (2) | 0.1015 (4) | −0.06379 (8) | 0.0460 (8) | |
| C7 | 0.1410 (2) | 0.0021 (4) | 0.00313 (8) | 0.0407 (8) | |
| C8 | 0.1395 (2) | 0.1820 (4) | 0.01247 (8) | 0.0390 (8) | |
| C9 | 0.1711 (2) | 0.2333 (4) | 0.04837 (8) | 0.0452 (8) | |
| H9 | 0.1691 | 0.3528 | 0.0549 | 0.054* | |
| C10 | 0.2052 (2) | 0.1102 (5) | 0.07425 (8) | 0.0448 (8) | |
| C11 | 0.2065 (2) | −0.0693 (4) | 0.06457 (8) | 0.0507 (9) | |
| H11 | 0.2294 | −0.1534 | 0.0819 | 0.061* | |
| C12 | 0.1743 (2) | −0.1219 (4) | 0.02973 (8) | 0.0468 (8) | |
| H12 | 0.1746 | −0.2421 | 0.0237 | 0.056* | |
| C13 | 0.2620 (2) | 0.3227 (5) | 0.12156 (8) | 0.0525 (9) | |
| H13 | 0.2555 | 0.4106 | 0.1035 | 0.063* | |
| C14 | 0.2949 (2) | 0.3776 (4) | 0.15601 (8) | 0.0503 (9) | |
| C15 | 0.3008 (3) | 0.2515 (6) | 0.18640 (9) | 0.0634 (10) | |
| C18 | 0.3268 (3) | 0.5646 (5) | 0.15800 (9) | 0.0608 (10) |
| S1 | 0.0609 (6) | 0.0445 (6) | 0.0529 (5) | 0.0014 (5) | 0.0003 (4) | −0.0085 (4) |
| O1 | 0.0728 (18) | 0.0357 (15) | 0.0714 (15) | 0.0011 (13) | −0.0036 (12) | −0.0025 (12) |
| O2 | 0.150 (3) | 0.077 (2) | 0.0444 (14) | −0.0195 (18) | −0.0106 (15) | 0.0048 (13) |
| C16A | 0.175 (6) | 0.088 (4) | 0.050 (2) | 0.010 (4) | −0.023 (3) | 0.004 (2) |
| C17A | 0.175 (6) | 0.088 (4) | 0.050 (2) | 0.010 (4) | −0.023 (3) | 0.004 (2) |
| C16B | 0.20 (2) | 0.056 (13) | 0.107 (13) | −0.034 (13) | 0.004 (15) | 0.009 (9) |
| C17B | 0.20 (2) | 0.056 (13) | 0.107 (13) | −0.034 (13) | 0.004 (15) | 0.009 (9) |
| O3 | 0.135 (3) | 0.0529 (19) | 0.0666 (16) | −0.0019 (18) | 0.0001 (15) | 0.0044 (14) |
| O4 | 0.085 (2) | 0.0608 (19) | 0.0880 (18) | −0.0109 (15) | −0.0233 (15) | −0.0001 (14) |
| C19A | 0.127 (9) | 0.055 (5) | 0.129 (7) | −0.022 (5) | −0.010 (6) | 0.006 (4) |
| C20A | 0.127 (9) | 0.055 (5) | 0.129 (7) | −0.022 (5) | −0.010 (6) | 0.006 (4) |
| C19B | 0.080 (8) | 0.102 (8) | 0.138 (8) | −0.009 (5) | −0.026 (5) | −0.044 (6) |
| C20B | 0.080 (8) | 0.102 (8) | 0.138 (8) | −0.009 (5) | −0.026 (5) | −0.044 (6) |
| O5 | 0.115 (2) | 0.063 (2) | 0.0792 (18) | 0.0021 (16) | −0.0280 (16) | 0.0106 (15) |
| N1 | 0.058 (2) | 0.072 (2) | 0.0474 (17) | −0.0035 (16) | 0.0008 (14) | −0.0064 (15) |
| N2 | 0.065 (2) | 0.053 (2) | 0.0452 (16) | −0.0068 (16) | 0.0044 (13) | 0.0012 (13) |
| C1 | 0.034 (2) | 0.044 (2) | 0.054 (2) | −0.0031 (17) | 0.0088 (15) | 0.0006 (17) |
| C2 | 0.038 (2) | 0.046 (2) | 0.0496 (19) | 0.0001 (16) | 0.0032 (15) | 0.0073 (16) |
| C3 | 0.060 (2) | 0.059 (3) | 0.065 (2) | 0.003 (2) | 0.0019 (19) | 0.003 (2) |
| C4 | 0.075 (3) | 0.081 (3) | 0.063 (3) | 0.007 (2) | −0.008 (2) | 0.016 (2) |
| C5 | 0.075 (3) | 0.091 (4) | 0.049 (2) | −0.001 (3) | −0.0056 (19) | 0.000 (2) |
| C6 | 0.039 (2) | 0.054 (2) | 0.0446 (18) | −0.0004 (17) | 0.0057 (15) | 0.0009 (17) |
| C7 | 0.035 (2) | 0.039 (2) | 0.0479 (18) | −0.0044 (16) | 0.0062 (15) | 0.0002 (15) |
| C8 | 0.0351 (19) | 0.037 (2) | 0.0452 (18) | −0.0044 (15) | 0.0061 (14) | −0.0006 (15) |
| C9 | 0.044 (2) | 0.042 (2) | 0.0507 (19) | −0.0033 (16) | 0.0073 (16) | −0.0075 (16) |
| C10 | 0.047 (2) | 0.050 (2) | 0.0386 (17) | −0.0050 (17) | 0.0066 (14) | 0.0010 (16) |
| C11 | 0.053 (2) | 0.046 (2) | 0.053 (2) | −0.0014 (18) | 0.0071 (17) | 0.0101 (17) |
| C12 | 0.051 (2) | 0.037 (2) | 0.052 (2) | −0.0022 (16) | 0.0077 (16) | −0.0007 (15) |
| C13 | 0.051 (2) | 0.060 (3) | 0.047 (2) | −0.0038 (19) | 0.0060 (16) | 0.0018 (17) |
| C14 | 0.059 (2) | 0.049 (2) | 0.0430 (18) | −0.0047 (18) | 0.0061 (16) | 0.0007 (16) |
| C15 | 0.072 (3) | 0.066 (3) | 0.051 (2) | 0.003 (2) | −0.0017 (19) | −0.005 (2) |
| C18 | 0.067 (3) | 0.064 (3) | 0.050 (2) | 0.001 (2) | −0.0044 (19) | −0.0032 (19) |
| S1—C6 | 1.737 (3) | C20B—H20D | 0.9600 |
| S1—C7 | 1.742 (3) | C20B—H20E | 0.9600 |
| O1—C1 | 1.222 (3) | C20B—H20F | 0.9600 |
| O2—C15 | 1.334 (4) | O5—C18 | 1.204 (4) |
| O2—C16A | 1.497 (6) | N1—C5 | 1.321 (4) |
| O2—C16B | 1.506 (14) | N1—C6 | 1.347 (4) |
| C16A—C17A | 1.472 (7) | N2—C13 | 1.324 (4) |
| C16A—H16A | 0.9700 | N2—C10 | 1.413 (4) |
| C16A—H16B | 0.9700 | N2—H2 | 0.8600 |
| C17A—H17A | 0.9600 | C1—C8 | 1.474 (4) |
| C17A—H17B | 0.9600 | C1—C2 | 1.478 (4) |
| C17A—H17C | 0.9600 | C2—C6 | 1.385 (4) |
| C16B—C17B | 1.520 (10) | C2—C3 | 1.388 (4) |
| C16B—H16C | 0.9700 | C3—C4 | 1.373 (4) |
| C16B—H16D | 0.9700 | C3—H3 | 0.9300 |
| C17B—H17D | 0.9600 | C4—C5 | 1.382 (5) |
| C17B—H17E | 0.9600 | C4—H4 | 0.9300 |
| C17B—H17F | 0.9600 | C5—H5 | 0.9300 |
| O3—C15 | 1.206 (4) | C7—C12 | 1.395 (4) |
| O4—C18 | 1.328 (4) | C7—C8 | 1.395 (4) |
| O4—C19A | 1.457 (10) | C8—C9 | 1.396 (4) |
| O4—C19B | 1.487 (12) | C9—C10 | 1.375 (4) |
| C19A—C20A | 1.480 (9) | C9—H9 | 0.9300 |
| C19A—H19A | 0.9700 | C10—C11 | 1.395 (4) |
| C19A—H19B | 0.9700 | C11—C12 | 1.366 (4) |
| C20A—H20A | 0.9600 | C11—H11 | 0.9300 |
| C20A—H20B | 0.9600 | C12—H12 | 0.9300 |
| C20A—H20C | 0.9600 | C13—C14 | 1.361 (4) |
| C19B—C20B | 1.506 (10) | C13—H13 | 0.9300 |
| C19B—H19C | 0.9700 | C14—C15 | 1.452 (4) |
| C19B—H19D | 0.9700 | C14—C18 | 1.473 (4) |
| C6—S1—C7 | 102.90 (15) | C6—C2—C1 | 124.7 (3) |
| C15—O2—C16A | 111.4 (4) | C3—C2—C1 | 118.7 (3) |
| C15—O2—C16B | 129.4 (11) | C4—C3—C2 | 120.2 (3) |
| C16A—O2—C16B | 28.4 (8) | C4—C3—H3 | 119.9 |
| C17A—C16A—O2 | 105.8 (5) | C2—C3—H3 | 119.9 |
| C17A—C16A—H16A | 110.6 | C3—C4—C5 | 118.0 (4) |
| O2—C16A—H16A | 110.6 | C3—C4—H4 | 121.0 |
| C17A—C16A—H16B | 110.6 | C5—C4—H4 | 121.0 |
| O2—C16A—H16B | 110.6 | N1—C5—C4 | 124.3 (4) |
| H16A—C16A—H16B | 108.7 | N1—C5—H5 | 117.9 |
| O2—C16B—C17B | 87.8 (14) | C4—C5—H5 | 117.9 |
| O2—C16B—H16C | 114.0 | N1—C6—C2 | 124.6 (3) |
| C17B—C16B—H16C | 114.0 | N1—C6—S1 | 110.9 (3) |
| O2—C16B—H16D | 114.0 | C2—C6—S1 | 124.5 (2) |
| C17B—C16B—H16D | 114.0 | C12—C7—C8 | 119.4 (3) |
| H16C—C16B—H16D | 111.2 | C12—C7—S1 | 115.9 (2) |
| C16B—C17B—H17D | 109.5 | C8—C7—S1 | 124.7 (2) |
| C16B—C17B—H17E | 109.5 | C7—C8—C9 | 119.0 (3) |
| H17D—C17B—H17E | 109.5 | C7—C8—C1 | 124.0 (3) |
| C16B—C17B—H17F | 109.5 | C9—C8—C1 | 117.0 (3) |
| H17D—C17B—H17F | 109.5 | C10—C9—C8 | 121.2 (3) |
| H17E—C17B—H17F | 109.5 | C10—C9—H9 | 119.4 |
| C18—O4—C19A | 118.9 (6) | C8—C9—H9 | 119.4 |
| C18—O4—C19B | 113.3 (6) | C9—C10—C11 | 119.3 (3) |
| C19A—O4—C19B | 15.6 (11) | C9—C10—N2 | 122.1 (3) |
| O4—C19A—C20A | 102.0 (8) | C11—C10—N2 | 118.6 (3) |
| O4—C19A—H19A | 111.4 | C12—C11—C10 | 120.2 (3) |
| C20A—C19A—H19A | 111.4 | C12—C11—H11 | 119.9 |
| O4—C19A—H19B | 111.4 | C10—C11—H11 | 119.9 |
| C20A—C19A—H19B | 111.4 | C11—C12—C7 | 120.9 (3) |
| H19A—C19A—H19B | 109.2 | C11—C12—H12 | 119.5 |
| O4—C19B—C20B | 107.4 (10) | C7—C12—H12 | 119.5 |
| O4—C19B—H19C | 110.2 | N2—C13—C14 | 127.9 (3) |
| C20B—C19B—H19C | 110.2 | N2—C13—H13 | 116.1 |
| O4—C19B—H19D | 110.2 | C14—C13—H13 | 116.1 |
| C20B—C19B—H19D | 110.2 | C13—C14—C15 | 119.7 (3) |
| H19C—C19B—H19D | 108.5 | C13—C14—C18 | 114.3 (3) |
| C5—N1—C6 | 116.3 (3) | C15—C14—C18 | 125.9 (3) |
| C13—N2—C10 | 125.3 (3) | O3—C15—O2 | 121.9 (3) |
| C13—N2—H2 | 117.4 | O3—C15—C14 | 123.4 (3) |
| C10—N2—H2 | 117.4 | O2—C15—C14 | 114.6 (4) |
| O1—C1—C8 | 121.0 (3) | O5—C18—O4 | 123.0 (4) |
| O1—C1—C2 | 120.4 (3) | O5—C18—C14 | 124.4 (4) |
| C8—C1—C2 | 118.5 (3) | O4—C18—C14 | 112.5 (3) |
| C6—C2—C3 | 116.6 (3) | ||
| C15—O2—C16A—C17A | 164.6 (6) | O1—C1—C8—C9 | 5.8 (4) |
| C16B—O2—C16A—C17A | −60.2 (19) | C2—C1—C8—C9 | −172.7 (2) |
| C15—O2—C16B—C17B | 101.0 (17) | C7—C8—C9—C10 | 1.2 (4) |
| C16A—O2—C16B—C17B | 42.9 (14) | C1—C8—C9—C10 | −179.5 (3) |
| C18—O4—C19A—C20A | −118.4 (9) | C8—C9—C10—C11 | −1.1 (4) |
| C19B—O4—C19A—C20A | −46 (3) | C8—C9—C10—N2 | 179.5 (3) |
| C18—O4—C19B—C20B | −166.4 (9) | C13—N2—C10—C9 | −16.8 (5) |
| C19A—O4—C19B—C20B | 79 (3) | C13—N2—C10—C11 | 163.8 (3) |
| O1—C1—C2—C6 | 174.9 (3) | C9—C10—C11—C12 | 0.0 (4) |
| C8—C1—C2—C6 | −6.5 (4) | N2—C10—C11—C12 | 179.4 (3) |
| O1—C1—C2—C3 | −5.4 (4) | C10—C11—C12—C7 | 1.0 (4) |
| C8—C1—C2—C3 | 173.2 (3) | C8—C7—C12—C11 | −0.9 (4) |
| C6—C2—C3—C4 | 0.4 (5) | S1—C7—C12—C11 | 179.2 (2) |
| C1—C2—C3—C4 | −179.3 (3) | C10—N2—C13—C14 | −179.4 (3) |
| C2—C3—C4—C5 | −0.9 (5) | N2—C13—C14—C15 | −4.2 (5) |
| C6—N1—C5—C4 | 0.9 (5) | N2—C13—C14—C18 | 172.5 (3) |
| C3—C4—C5—N1 | 0.2 (6) | C16A—O2—C15—O3 | 2.2 (6) |
| C5—N1—C6—C2 | −1.5 (5) | C16B—O2—C15—O3 | −23.5 (11) |
| C5—N1—C6—S1 | 179.4 (2) | C16A—O2—C15—C14 | 178.4 (5) |
| C3—C2—C6—N1 | 0.9 (4) | C16B—O2—C15—C14 | 152.7 (10) |
| C1—C2—C6—N1 | −179.4 (3) | C13—C14—C15—O3 | 6.0 (5) |
| C3—C2—C6—S1 | 179.8 (2) | C18—C14—C15—O3 | −170.3 (4) |
| C1—C2—C6—S1 | −0.5 (4) | C13—C14—C15—O2 | −170.2 (3) |
| C7—S1—C6—N1 | −174.8 (2) | C18—C14—C15—O2 | 13.5 (5) |
| C7—S1—C6—C2 | 6.2 (3) | C19A—O4—C18—O5 | 5.6 (8) |
| C6—S1—C7—C12 | 173.8 (2) | C19B—O4—C18—O5 | −10.6 (8) |
| C6—S1—C7—C8 | −6.1 (3) | C19A—O4—C18—C14 | −178.4 (6) |
| C12—C7—C8—C9 | −0.2 (4) | C19B—O4—C18—C14 | 165.4 (7) |
| S1—C7—C8—C9 | 179.7 (2) | C13—C14—C18—O5 | 29.7 (5) |
| C12—C7—C8—C1 | −179.4 (3) | C15—C14—C18—O5 | −153.8 (4) |
| S1—C7—C8—C1 | 0.5 (4) | C13—C14—C18—O4 | −146.2 (3) |
| O1—C1—C8—C7 | −175.0 (3) | C15—C14—C18—O4 | 30.3 (5) |
| C2—C1—C8—C7 | 6.5 (4) |
| H··· | ||||
| N2—H2···O3 | 0.86 | 2.06 | 2.683 (3) | 129 |
| C11—H11···O5i | 0.93 | 2.49 | 3.403 (4) | 167 |
| C12—H12···O1i | 0.93 | 2.45 | 3.322 (4) | 157 |
| C17A—H17C···O3ii | 0.96 | 2.58 | 3.516 (8) | 165 |
| C19A—H19B···O3iii | 0.97 | 2.47 | 3.231 (11) | 135 |
Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, °)
| H⋯ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N2—H2⋯O3 | 0.86 | 2.06 | 2.683 (3) | 129 |
| C11—H11⋯O5i | 0.93 | 2.49 | 3.403 (4) | 167 |
| C12—H12⋯O1i | 0.93 | 2.45 | 3.322 (4) | 157 |
| C17 | 0.96 | 2.58 | 3.516 (8) | 165 |
| C19 | 0.97 | 2.47 | 3.231 (11) | 135 |
Symmetry codes: (i) ; (ii) ; (iii) .