Odor recognition memory as a function of odor-naming performance.

A series of experiments sought to clarify the relationship between odor naming and memory by manipulating odor label availability during a dual naming-memory task. Experiment 1 demonstrated that recognition memory and odor naming were both better when the naming task provided participants with odor label alternatives. Consistent and correct odor naming was associated with nearly perfect memory, whereas inconsistent or incorrect naming was associated with very weak memory if any at all. Experiment 2 showed that the availability of odor labels was effective at improving memory only if labels were available at both memory encoding and retrieval, suggesting that the labels were aiding memory by improving the identification of the odors. Odor naming was manipulated in Experiment 3 by varying the number of available labels from 4 to 16 during each odor-naming trial. As found in the previous experiments, naming and memory were strongly related in each of the labeling conditions. Experiment 4 showed that corrective naming feedback produced better memory performance but only when the feedback led to correct odor naming. It was concluded that perceptual processes related to matching olfactory input to acquired, multidimensional representations of odors play a critical role in both odor naming and episodic memory.